Extremely easy to grow and divide, their rainbow of papery petals and fuzzy "beards" that decorate the lower petals appeal to every flower lover. The large, elegant flowers come in every color except true red, and some have a grapelike fragrance. Heights range from dwarf to medium and tall, 9 in. to 4 ft. (22.5 cm to 1.25 m) Some types bloom in spring and fall. Check specialty catalogs for hundreds of varieties.~~~~The fleshy divisions called rhizomes are available in the fall. Plant immediately, as they dry out quickly. Keep the rhizomeÆs surface exposed, except in hot areas, where you should cover them lightly with soil. Cut back foliage on established plants only after it starts to die back naturally. Divide every 3 to 4 years after bloom to maintain vigor. Watch for rot in heavy soil and Iris borer.
Finely-textured, glossy green leaves, compact growth and a long blooming season make Abelias attractive shrubs for hedges, screens and bank covers. Abelias are evergreen in warmer climates and semi-deciduous in colder climates. Prune to remove deadwood and to keep the shrub dense. The two most popular hybrids vary in height and flower color.
These cone-bearing evergreens, commonly called firs, are large, majestic trees. Place them in groups, singly in lawns, or in forest plantings. Their upright cones vary in color--purple, blue, red-brown or green--by species. The flat needles are aromatic. Firs prefer moist, cool, acid soil, and full sun. Many types need some winter chill and shelter from wind. Polluted city air hinders growth. Though firs don't require pruning, you can tip back branch ends to promote denser growth. Even large trees are transplantable.
Maple trees include a broad spectrum of types, sizes, shapes and foliage. They are evergreen or deciduous, shrubby or lofty, with deeply lobed or finely cut leaves. All types have two-winged seeds that look like wing nuts from the hardware store. Grown over most of the United States; only excessive heat, dryness or winter cold prevents them from thriving. The large trees provide dense shade, and their roots take water and nutrients from other plants, so don't plant close to them. Water deeply so roots grow down. Insufficient watering will cause leaf scorch. Red, purple, variegated or fancy-leaved varieties need partial shade for best color. Prune in fall. Easy to transplant.
These lushly flowering trees and multi-trunked large shrubs are known as 'wattles' in Australia. Grown only in mild winter areas, they thrive in most soils and are drought-tolerant once established. Most have small, round, fluffy flowers that are grouped in clusters, bloom early in the year, and attract birds. They grow quickly, and live only 20 to 30 years. ~~Water deeply and infrequently to encourage deep rooting. Prune to thin and prevent wind damage. Remove bare branches at the trunk. Prone to the pest Acacia psyllid.
Trail these rapid-growing, vigorous vines up a tree or use them to cover a wall. Trained on an arbor or trellis, they're a dense, deciduous screen or shade vine. Their mildly fragrant flowers appear in midsummer. Several species also have edible fruits. Pair female and male plants to ensure pollination. Little trouble, as they're generally pest-free. Start from seeds or cuttings, and support young vines. Prune in late fall or winter, as fruit grows on wood at least a year old. Prune also to shape and remove crossing or congested growth. Fertilize and water frequently during the growing season.
This large dense tree's pyramidal shape is echoed in its many flower panicles. The inedible brown fruit of these Horse Chestnuts or Buckeyes holds slightly toxic, glossy seeds. Can also be grown as a shrub. Roots can be shallow and invasive. Best to buy trees that are balled and burlapped or in containers to retain the long tap root. Prone to leaf scorch, leaf blotch and moths. Prune in early spring as necessary.
Excellent with hostas, ferns and many spring-flowering bulbs, this fast-growing ground cover has glossy leaves often and tinted with purple, cream and pink. The short spikes of small flowers bloom blue, purple, white or pink. Plant between rocks or stepping stones in woodland and rock gardens or in containers. Can be invasive.~~Best in full sun or partial shade with plenty of moisture. Tolerates dry conditions once established. Evergreen in mild winter areas. Plant in fall or spring.
Light and graceful, these vines are attractive as ground covers, or growing on a fence or an arbor. Vines are deciduous, or evergreen in mild climates. Their dark-colored fragrant flowers appear in clusters in spring. Hand pollination required for production of their sweet grayish-purple fruits, which are eaten in Japan. Prune to control the growth of this vigorous vine.
These deciduous trees or shrubs are closely allied to Acacia. Their graceful, feathery foliage and clusters of powderpuff-like flowers make them a lovely lawn or patio tree in warmer climates. Some species are grown in greenhouses in colder areas. They're flat-topped, wide-spreading and low-branched. Leaves fold up at night or when touched. In autumn, bean-like seedpods follow flowers. Some litter from fallen flowers, seedpods and leaves. Easy to grow, they love dry or humid heat. Subject to dieback in colder northern locations. Grow fastest with regular water, but adapt to moderate watering and poor soils.
There are about 30 species and many cultivars of the short-lived Alder. Most of these deciduous trees like colder climates and moist or wet soils along streams and ponds. Spring flowers are followed by toothed leaves and cone-like fruits. Use in grove plantings or as single, multi-trunked trees. They grow rapidly in infertile and poorly drained soils. Roots can be shallow and invasive. Prune in winter to remove dead or damaged limbs.
Colorful in all seasons, these deciduous shrubs and trees are especially conspicuous in early spring. Their plentiful white flowers bloom briefly before or with the unfolding of the leaves. Young leaves are covered with soft, woolly white hairs. Fall color is yellow, red or orange. The gray bark is streaked with reddish fissures. The types with edible red or purple fruits (which taste like blueberries) soon grow into a large patch, and attract birds. Commonly called Shadbush, Shadblow or Serviceberry (pronounced "Sarvisberry"). Tolerate a wide variety of soils. Start by seed or by suckers. Clear away fallen leaves and fruits to prevent blight.
These climbing deciduous vines grow in just about any soil, but aren't hardy in the North. Use them to create a lacy pattern covering walls, arbors or rocks. Start by seeds or cuttings. Support growing vines. Restrict root growth to optimize fruit production.
These broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs grow only in warm or temperate regions. Excellent landscape trees or accent plants. Their clusters of white or pink flowers and round berries attract birds, but also create litter. Bark sheds, too. Likes sun and protection from wind. Grows best in dry, sandy and acid soil.
Commonly called Manzanita, which means "little apples" in Spanish, these ground covers, shrubs and small trees are often seen in the wild on the West Coast. Their dense clusters of drooping, urn-shaped, pink or white flowers develop into bright red, apple-shaped berries that attract birds. The mahogany-like bark twists and gnarls attractively. Low-maintenance and drought-tolerant, once established. Prefers well-drained, infertile, sandy soils, but tolerates heavy soils. Start from fall cuttings or plant small wild shrubs, as large specimens are difficult to transplant. Pinch to control growth.
Named for the Greek philosopher Aristotle, these trouble-free deciduous or evergreen vines are native to the Southern Hemisphere. They have large, heart-shaped leaves and unusual small, pipe-shaped flowers. The flowers have an unpleasant odor. Quickly reaches 20 to 30 ft. (6 to 9 m) in height. Use as a dense screen. Tolerates urban conditions. Start from stem cuttings in midsummer. Prune severely in late winter to control shape and size.
Excellent for barrier plantings, this huge group of popular thorny shrubs is attractive year-round. The especially hardy deciduous varieties have brilliant fall color. The evergreen species produce purple or blue-black berries that attract birds. B. thunbergii has bright red berries that last on branches into winter. Both types have plentiful yellow spring flowers and yellow inner bark and wood. Easy to grow and transplant, they tolerate many soils and climates. However, they don't like waterlogged soil. Rust on Bayberries is passed to wheat crops, so choose rust-resistant varieties such as B. thunbergii. Remove dead stems, and prune to shape after flowering. Cut back so inner branches don't die.
Fast-growing birch trees are attractive year-round. Their light green foliage turns yellow in fall. Losing their leaves for winter shows off their colorful, peeling bark, thin graceful branches, and hanging cone-like fruit. Young trees have dark-colored bark until their trunks reach 1 ft. (30 cm) around. Plant against a darker background or green lawn to highlight pale trunks. Prone to aphids that drip a sticky substance called honeydew, so plant away from patios or car parks. Most thrive in moist sandy or rocky subsoils. Once established, tolerates some heat and dry spells. Prefer winter chill. Water deeply and often, around shallow roots. Prune in winter only after leaves have formed, to prevent sap bleeding. Transplant when dormant. Birch borers and leaf miners are major pests.
These tender, heat-loving, vigorous-growing vines and low shrubs sport brilliantly colored flowers. Many types have dangerous stout spines. Use tall-growing vines on fences, trellises, and as sprawling ground covers. Tie and intertwine vines on strong supports to prevent wind and rain damage. Use short, mounding shrubs in containers, hanging baskets and small spaces.~~~~They need heat, sun and well-drained soil. Where there is frost, place vines against a warm wall or plant in a protected place. Transplant only during warm growing season, and donÆt disturb fragile roots. Reduce watering and fertilizer in mid-summer to promote flowering, and in late summer to enhance winter hardiness. In zone 10, they can bloom throughout the year.
Commonly called bottletrees, this genus has species with swollen trunks. Some swell at ground level, others have a bulge in the middle. Some have red or scarlet flowers. The clusters of woody canoe-shaped fruits are used in arrangements; however, they produce litter. Drought-tolerant, these trees are grown in Florida's high pinelands. Prone to root rot if overwatered. Young plants need supplemental water and are more frost-tender.
These deciduous trees and shrubs belong to the Mulberry family. In Asia, the bark is used to make paper. In Polynesia, it's also used for tapa cloth, a popular material for wall hangings. The fast-growing B. papyrifera is the best-known and most commonly grown.
All summer long, these fast-growing shrubs produce masses of fragrant flower clusters attractive to butterflies, moths and hummingbirds. Several cultivars of varying height and flower color are available. Plants need full sun or light shade to bloom profusely. Prune hard before new growth begins in spring. Pinch out the tips of new top growth to promote a more compact shrub, and remove old flowers to encourage new blooms. Blossoms are more visible when foliage is kept low.
Often shaped into topiary and hedging, it takes hard trimming and grows slowly. Dwarf forms have long been popular to edge walks and flowerbeds. The small leathery leaves have a musky odor, which keeps animals from eating the foliage. Flowers are inconspicuous. Plant in well-drained soil. Protect from sun and wind in cold winter climates. Don't disturb or bury the shallow roots. Prone to leaf miner and canker in the eastern U.S.
Popular in tropical climates, their loose clusters of yellow, orange and red flowers attract hummingbirds. Flowers are followed by flat seedpods. Some of these evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers have prickles. Fast and easy-growing in desert climates. Start by seed soaked before planting. Prune to shape.
These shrubs are grown for their showy, lilac- or violet-colored fruit, which lasts for 2 to 3 weeks in late fall. Best fruiting occurs when planted in groups. Most die back close to the ground in very cold climates, but often start again in spring to flower and fruit that season. Fruit are borne on new growth, so in warm climates, prune to 6 in. (15 cm) above ground in early spring. Pruning also prevents rank growth. Feed with low-nitrogen fertilizers to avoid fast, leggy growth.
Use these giant fast-growing, evergreen shrubs as high hedges or screens, or train them as single-trunk trees. Their common name comes from their colorful bristle-like flowers that look like old-fashioned bottlebrushes. Blooms attract hummingbirds. Tolerate some frost and moderate drought at the expense of appearance, but are damaged or killed at 20 deg. F or below. Stake young plants when training into a tree, prune to shape and thin crown. Watch for chlorosis in poor soils.
Sweet shrub has been grown since early colonial times. These deciduous shrubs have a delicious, sweet fragrance, especially when the glossy foliage is crushed. Grows in shade or sun and in most soils, but needs water. Prune occasionally to avoid legginess.
A favorite plant for mild climates, several species, plus thousands of cultivars and hybrids, offer an almost endless array of flower colors and shapes on lustrous green leaves. From the small fragrant flowers of C. lutchuensis to the very large and showy blooms of C. reticulata, these low-maintenance, evergreen shrubs have blossoms of every type. Two of the most widely planted are C. japonica and C. sasanqua. Both make excellent screens and informal hedges. Many sasanquas tolerate full sun with proper soil and ample water. All are moisture-loving, and prefer well-drained, acid soils. All make exceptional container plants. ~~Protect from hot afternoon sun and dry winds. Start by seeds, cuttings and grafting. Clean up fallen flowers to prevent Camellia petal blight. Prune for shape after flowering. Fertilize with acid plant foods.
These vigorous growing vines with large and colorful tubular flowers are a perfect wall cover for hot south-facing walls. The vines attach to wood, stucco or brick walls with root-like tendrils and need strong structural support to carry their heavy weight.~~Thrive in almost any soil, but need summer heat to bloom profusely. Prune hard each spring to encourage new flowers and control growth. Can become top heavy if not thinned. Root suckers can cause plant to spread. Any piece of root left in ground sprouts a new plant.
The Carpenteria family has only one genus, C. Californica, one of the rarest of California native shrubs. Its narrow, evergreen leaves are whitish underneath. Native to the Sierra foothills of Fresno County, it resists oak root fungus, a soilborne disease found in many parts of the world, particularly California. Drought-tolerant once established, it looks best with an occasional deep watering during dry seasons. Needs well-drained soil. Bloom is best in light shade, so protect from direct afternoon sun in hot climates.
Long used for hedges in formal gardens, these slow-growing deciduous trees tolerate severe pruning. They are also known as Ironwood because their wood is extremely hard. They have delicate wiry twigs, smooth gray bark and light green fruit clusters. Their dense, sawtooth-edged leaves turn color in the fall. Plant in a lawn or park, especially along a brook. These long-lived trees tolerate periodic flooding, but need some winter chill.
These deciduous trees offer delicious nuts, ornamental beauty, and excellent hardwood with many uses. Pecans and hickories thrive in the Southwest desert regions where high summer temperatures allow nuts to develop, then drop in October. The nuts of some species, such as C. aquatica, taste bitter. These slow-growing trees have rugged, straight trunks and foliage that turns golden in fall. Hickory wood burns hotter than other native trees and is used in woodworking and smoking meat. Nuts often don't grow on trees started from seed. Plant cuttings or small bare-root stock in winter instead. For optimum fruit crops, they need regular fertilizing, pruning, spraying with dormant oil, and watering. Zinc-deficient soils need applications of zinc sulfate. Difficult to transplant.
These hardy, rapid-growing trees adapt to a wide range of situations, temperature extremes, various soils and varying amounts of moisture. In late spring or early summer they bloom in clusters of white flowers with two-toned markings. Long bean-like seed capsules called "Indian cigars" decorate the branches through winter. Dropping pods, blossoms, leaves and twigs create constant litter. Use in formal avenue plantings or singly on lawns, where they give a tropical effect.~~Plant where protected from wind. Shape while young, then shorten side branches of larger trees. Prune lower branches for a straight, smooth trunk.
These mostly evergreen ground covers, shrubs and small trees have lightly fragrant blue, white or pink flowers that look like smaller versions of the Common Lilac. North American natives, they do best where summers are dry and they get little water. Known as California or Wild Lilac, they're valued as a drought-tolerant, summer-blooming plant in the West. Usually live 5 to 10 years. Watch for root rot in wet soils, aphids and white fly.
Evergreen, cone-bearing cedar trees bear needles in tufted clusters to form a pyramidal shape. In early spring or late winter, male catkins dust their surroundings with yellow pollen. Cedar wood is fragrant. ~~As the trees mature, they have flatter tops with large supporting trunks and limbs. Plant them where their branches have plenty of room to spread. These deep-rooted trees are drought-tolerant once established. Protect from strong winds. Branch tips can die back from cold temperatures or from the deodar weevil.
Valued for their moderate shade and beauty, these wide-spreading trees have airy, light green foliage. Leaves turn yellow in fall. Several species have orange-red to blue-black cherrylike fruits that birds love. Also grown as shrubs. Their deep roots make them better lawn trees than their near relative, the Elm. Plant one near a cement walkway; its roots will not lift or crack the pavement. Plant from containers or choose small bare-root trees with large root systems. Most need a winter chill. Tolerates cold, heat, dryness, wind and alkaline soils.
The peapod-shaped fruits of these long-lived trees are used as a sweet chocolate and coffee substitute, though the taste of carob powder is different. In arid soils, yields a large, protein-rich food crop. Widely grown in warm regions, these evergreens can be trained into a multi-stemmed shrub. Use as a large hedge or a single-trunked tree. Flower odor and seed pod litter can be a problem. Plant far from sidewalks, as roots break up pavement. Water deeply and infrequently to prevent root rot. Protect young trees in winter. Resists oak root fungus and fire injury.
This deciduous, single- or multi-trunked tree slowly grows into an oval shape. Its foliage gives dappled shade. The shaggy bark is soft and easily damaged. Flowers and fruit are small and inconspicuous. Pest- and disease-resistant.~~Need lots of water. Mulch to keep soil cool and moist. Protect from hot drying winds.
These desert trees are tough and grow even when neglected. However, they grow faster, larger and more dense with water and fertilizer. Clusters of bright yellow flowers cover the branches in spring. Tiny twigs covered by tiny leaves create light shade. Trees attract birds. Train as a single- or multiple-trunked tree.
Spring brings a profusion of white, pink or red flower clusters that bloom as the leaves unfold or just before. Red-brown, flat seedpods that follow in summer last through winter. Broad, heart-shaped leaves turn yellow in autumn. Plant as a shrubbery background. Transplant ball and burlapped when small. Prune out deadwood. Water during growing/blooming season. Established plants tolerate dry soil and heat. Prune dead wood and shape after flowering.
A sentimental favorite with its showy flowers in early spring, its fruits of are used in preserves and jellies. In late winter, bring cut stems in bud inside and theyÆll soon burst with vibrant flowers. Several cultivars range in color from white to orange to pink to red. Prune deadwood to encourage new growth. Several varieties have thorns.
These small slow-growers are excellent container plants. Remove suckers to create single trunk that rises to 20 ft. (6 m), or let grow in clumps. Tolerate wind, salt spray and drought. Give periodic deep water to speed growth and improve appearance.
This flowering desert shrub or tree belongs to the same family as the Catalpa. It's found in washes and stream beds from Texas to California and Mexico. Twisting trunks are covered by shaggy bark. Grows rapidly, so prune to shape. Give periodic, deep, summer water. Flowers best in climates with hot summers.
Bees love the clusters of fragrant, white, spring flowers that open early and bloom into April. Masses of lustrous yellow-green leaves make this dense shrub an excellent hedge or screen.
Because of their aromatic leaves and wood, these trees are often used in woodworking or for producing camphor. However, they also offer year-round beauty. Their spring foliage is pink to red or bronze, and turns to a glossy light green. A large, wide-spreading tree, it needs plenty of space to grow. Use in large lawns or where shallow competitive roots won't break pavement or disturb other plants. Leaf drop, flowers, fruits and twigs all produce litter.
Native to the Mediterranean region, these evergreen, spring- and summer-blooming shrubs are perfect for sunny, dry or hot situations and seashore plantings. Leaves vary in size and shape, but blooms are single and rose-like. Fast-growing and fire-resistant, they tolerate drought and poor soils. They are also cold-hardy to 10 to 20 deg. F. Need little attention except for cutting back occasionally. Excellent drainage is essential to prevent root rot. Plant in masses in rock gardens or as a bank cover, as they help control erosion.
Mornings wouldn't be the same without juices, like orange or grapefruit, from citrus trees. And summers without lemonade? These shrubby trees produce edible tropical fruits. They have thorny stems and fragrant white flowers that attract bees. Grow in warm climates outdoors or in containers brought in during winter. All types need citrus fertilizer, which has supplemental amounts of iron, magnesium and zinc. Ornamental and dwarf varieties are available. Protect from strong winds and frost.
The garden edict of keeping their heads in the sun and toes in the shade is fitting for these vines. Mulch to keep ground temperatures cool and moist, but give direct sun to encourage their large, showy blooms. Many will thrive in partial-sun locations, especially in hot, summer climates. Plants attach to supports with twining leafstalks, and so climb up trellises, walls, poles, and trees and over shrubs. Prune to control size, encourage fuller, lower growth and vigorous flowering. Those that flower only in spring bloom on last year's growth, so prune after flowering. Summer and fall bloomers flower on current spring growth, so prune in the late fall or late winter. A third category blooms in spring on last year's growth, then again in summer or fall on new spring growth. These super-bloomers need only a light pruning in fall or early spring. Watch for stem-rot, leaf-spot, wilt and mildew.
Named for its summer-blooming, fragrant flowers, Summersweet performs best in acid, moist, organic soils. It spreads slowly by suckers to form broad colonies. Blossoms on the current yearÆs growth. Found on the coast from Maine to Florida, this native shrub is salt-tolerant. Plant in full to partial shade in warm summer climates. Mite damage may occur in dry climates. Available in white and pink flowering cultivars.
These delicate-looking evergreen shrubs are valued for their fragrant, fine-textured leaves and abundant flowers. Blooms winter through spring and sporadically throughout the year. Also called Diosma. Prefers full sun, though becomes taller in some shade. Requires fast-draining soil. Shear lightly after first bloom, and thin out old wood in mature plants.
The Latin name means "to entwine," and these evergreens trail or twine over dry banks, fences and walls. Their funnel-shaped flowers, which resemble morning glories, bloom all summer. But beware, for they can naturalize and become troublesome. Prune in late winter to encourage new growth.
This large group of trees, shrubs and ground covers features plants with attractive flowers and foliage, colorful bark and dependable fall color. Dogwoods are often used as flowering accents, architectural screens or mat-like ground covers. Prune out the oldest branches every year to encourage new growth.
This shapely, low, dense shrub flowers freely outdoors where winters are mild, and is grown in greenhouses. Attractive in containers where the tubular flowers, which resemble fuchsia flowers, can be seen up close. The small leaves have felt-like undersides. Drought-tolerant once established. Plant in poor, alkaline, well-drained soils. Poor drainage, over-watering or over-fertilizing kills these plants. Prune tips to encourage bushiness.
Long cultivated for their edible nuts (many European desserts and baked goods use edible hazelnuts or filberts), some of these shrubs and small trees are grown for their colorful foliage and golden-yellow flowers. Some species' foliage changes color in autumn. Drought-tolerant, they thrive in hot summers and cold winters. Plant as a shade, street or accent tree. Also good in woodsy borders. Prune out linear suckers from base of plant.
The airy clusters that appear after flowering look like pink smoke and give this group of plants their name. A few weeks after blooming, they turn brown or grayish. This 10- to 12-ft. (3 to 3.75 m)-tall shrub to small tree also has colorful fall foliage. Unpruned, plants can reach 20 ft. (6 m) tall. Likes poor, rocky soil.~~Can be started by seed, but best from cuttings of plants known to produce many smoky clusters. Can also buy plants in spring. Female plants generally produce more "smoke." Prune in early spring.
This fast-growing group of evergreen-to-deciduous shrubs and ground covers features showy fruits that attract birds. Most are low-maintenance shrubs, requiring meager amounts of water and only occasional pruning to control shape and size. ~~Plant in full sun, except in desert climates, where they need shade during the hottest time of day. Watch for fireblight. They don't transplant easily.
These thorny, densely flowering small trees have hardwood trunks that resemble muscles. White, pink or red flower clusters are followed by small fruits that attract birds. Some fruits are juicy enough for jelly. Autumn foliage turns brilliant red or orange. After leaf drop, the wide-spreading branches are picturesque. ~~Plant in a shrubbery border, behind lower shrubs, or as hedges or lawn trees. Don't plant where small children can get hurt by the thorns. Thrive in open woodlands and in almost any soil. Need winter chill. Prune to shape.
When is a palm not a palm? Sago-palm looks like, but isn't related to, the palm family. In a tropical landscape, trees may reach 20 ft. (6 m) tall and 30 in. (75 cm) around. They're also grown as houseplants.
The common type of this subtropical lawn grass is one of the most important pasture and lawn grasses in the South. It grows best in warmer regions from Florida north to Maryland and west to Texas, Arizona and Southern California. It has several hybrids with a finer texture and better color than the common type. Hybrids eventually crowd out common Bermuda. Needs little water and is very low-maintenance. Tolerates sandy alkaline soils. Dies in hard freezes, and turns brown in winter. Difficult to eradicate. Grasses spread by invasive rhizomes. Need regular feedings of nitrogen in the spring and summer. Mow at a height of 0.5 to 1 in. (1.25 to 2.5 cm)
These trees and low shrubs have finely divided leaves that are evergreen or deciduous. Clusters of purple or violet-blue flowers add to their beauty. Tolerate desert conditions. Prune to shape.
Full of clusters of fragrant blooms in early spring--and in early summer, tiny, bright fruits--all parts of these evergreen trees and shrubs are poisonous. Flowers range from pink to white to deep red, and leaves are green or green edged with gold. All need fast-draining soil, so use in rock gardens and containers. Grow in borders near walkways or under windows where you can catch their perfume. Since they grow well in full sun or light shade, you can plant them under trees or on the north side of the house. One problem with these plants is that they sometimes die suddenly for no known reason. Mulch to keep roots cool in summer. Buy in containers, with their root balls in burlap, or start from cuttings, not bare-root plants.
Use these dense-growing, low-maintenance deciduous trees and shrubs for tall, medium and low hedges or windbreaks. Their many flowers bloom with other late spring bulbs such as Dutch Iris, Tulips and Mock-Oranges. Flowers are usually white, but can be pink or purplish on the outside. Plant the low-growing types around Roses.~~Likes sun or partial shade and well-drained, humus-rich soil. Choose a protected site in cold winter areas. Shield plants from winds. Prune old shoots right after bloom. Start from cuttings.
One of the most ornamental of fruit trees, persimmons offer spring flowers, edible fruit, fall color and a handsome winter branch pattern. Excellent shade trees. Plant male and female trees for fall fruit production. Prune to remove deadwood and to shape tree. Be consistent with light feeding, and infrequent but deep watering to prevent premature fruit drop. Deep taproots make trees difficult to transplant.
These climbing vines grow quickly to cover an arbor, wall or trellis with trumpet-shaped flowers. Evergreen, they grow as much as 20 ft. (6 m) in a season. Winged seedpods follow flowers. Needs shade during hottest part of the day, and protection from winter winds. Start from stem cuttings taken in spring. Space vines 1 ft. (30 cm) apart near trellis or wire supports. Avoid rampant growth and poor flowering by using light fertilizers only. Prune to control growth after flowering.
These evergreen tropical shrubs are sticky and bear inconspicuous flower clusters and winged fruits. Use as a pruned hedge or large informal screen. Needs good drainage. Prune to shape.
Trouble-free and fast-growing when young, these rugged, evergreen and deciduous shrubs thrive in heat, aridity, wind and poor soils. Waxy olive-green to gray leaves form dense shrubs that make an excellent screen or hedge. An excellent coastal windbreak. Types with variegated foliage are available. ~~Inconspicuous, fragrant flowers develop into berry-like fruits. Some species have 2- to 3-in. (5 to 7.5 cm)-long thorns. Prune to control size and to promote dense growth. Start by cuttings.
This Japanese native is attractive in spring, when clusters of pendulous bell-shaped flowers appear, and in fall, when leaves turn yellow, orange or red. Several cultivars are available with distinct flower colors. Plant Ekianthus with acid loving plants such as rhododendrons and azaleas. Broadens with age, so leave room to expand when planting. Prune only to remove dead branches. Feed with acid fertilizer.
Fragrant white flower clusters bloom in autumn and winter on these subtropical evergreen trees or shrubs. Edible yellow-orange fruits, which birds love, follow in spring. Broad-leaved, veined foliage is dense and glossy. Use as a large rounded accent or on a patio. In cold climates, grow in containers so roots don't freeze. Protect from wind. Feed with acid fertilizer in spring. Prune to shape. Clean up fallen leaves and fruit.
These fast-growing evergreen shrubs make dense, moundlike screens, windbreaks and hedges. Their young growth glistens, and flower clusters blossom year-round in mild climates. Shrubs attract bees. Wind-resistant, they thrive in seaside conditions. While they're somewhat drought-tolerant, they look best with watering. Start easily from cuttings. Plant in partial shade in hot summer climates. Won't tolerate alkaline soils or severe winters. Prune once flowers are done. Pinch tips to keep plants compact.
A familiar sight in California and Arizona, rapid-growing, long-lived eucalyptuses are a varied lot. Also called gum trees, they range from shrubby, vinelike plants to huge trees, with different leaf and flower shapes on each. In general, though, leaves are crisp, leathery and usually aromatic. The flowers are fluffy, and the flat-topped seed capsules are woody. Some varieties have white or pink flowers that are a source of honey. Some tolerate extreme heat and cold, others are fairly drought-tolerant. Buy the smallest plant you can find so that it won't be root bound. Chlorosis affects some species in alkaline soil. In California, the eucalyptus longhorn beetle is a deadly pest.
In temperate climates, these deciduous or evergreen shrubs, small trees, ground covers and evergreen climbing vines are valued for their foliage and form. Use larger types as landscape plants, and prune to shape and control growth. Fruits are colorful, with pink, red, orange or yellow hulls. Their orange seeds attract birds. Flowers are inconspicuous. All grow in most soils. Some evergreens tolerate city and coastal conditions and are hardy in cold and hot climates.~~Water moderately until established. Prune to shape at any time.
Beech's common name comes from a Saxon word meaning book. The smooth, light gray bark was once used like paper, and the wood used to make tablets. The trees lofty, rounded crowns reach 50 to 100 ft. (15 to 30 m) tall and wide. Their shade is so dense that other plants cannot grow beneath them. Spring flowers are followed by triangular nuts with edible kernels that birds enjoy. In autumn, leaves turn amber to bronze. Prefer acid soil, and won't tolerate salt. Prune in summer and early fall to shape and to remove dead limbs and basal sprouts. Let trees' own fallen leaves act as mulch, or mulch within dripline to protect shallow roots and maintain cool moist soil. Generally pest-free, they're prone to Beech scale and, in the Northeast, a fungus called Nectria. Aphids cause some dripping honeydew.
Exotic-looking, white-petalled flowers with tufted, crimson centers are followed in fall by sweetly aromatic, edible fruits. Sun-loving and drought-tolerant, these evergreens arenÆt cold-hardy and need a sheltered sunny wall in all but the mildest climates. The plant attracts birds and bees. While fruit isnÆt as sweet as GuavaÆs (Psidium), theyÆre eaten raw or used in jelly. Flower petals are also edible. The Olive-like leaves are dark, glossy green, with white undersides. They can grow to 20 ft. (6 m) tall, but are easily shaped by pruning to use as a screen, hedge, small tree or espalier plant. Autumn foliage color is bluish gray. Best in sandy loam, rich in humus. ~~Start seeds indoors, and plant seedlings in ground when theyÆre 4 in. (10 cm) tall. Or start by cuttings. Prune in late spring. Fruit is ripe when it starts to soften.
One of the most widely planted of all ornamental grasses, theyÆre valued for their low, mounding, finely textured clumps of sometimes vividly green, bluish or gray leaves. They offer many choices in size, texture and foliage color. Plants with silvery, blue-gray foliage, such as æElijah BlueÆ and æSea Urchin,Æ make striking points of interest. Prefer full sun in cooler climates. All like well-drained soils, and some tolerate dry soil. Start by seed or division. Shear back after flowering to encourage new growth and to remove old, weathered foliage. Older clumps tend to die or rot out from the center. Every 2 to 3 years, divide and replant mature clumps.
These small trees or large spreading bushes are known for their tropical-looking foliage and pear-shaped edible fruits. In colder regions, they're grown as tub plants, taken inside, or protected during the winter. They grow in most soils and are drought-resistant once established. Plant where fruit drop won't cause a litter problem. In cooler areas, plant near or against a south wall that retains heat. Plant in wire baskets if gophers are a problem. Prune to almost any shape and size. Trees bear fruit twice a year without pollination. Fertilize and water regularly for best fruit production. Protect fruit from birds.
One of the earliest winter bloomers, their dramatic yellow sprays of scentless flowers appear on arching or trailing bare branches February to April. Lush green foliage follows. The height of these vigorous-growing plants ranges from 1 to 10 ft. (30 cm to 3 m) Use in shrub borders or containers, as screens or banks, or trained to grow against a wall or fence. Pest- and disease-resistant, they thrive in full sun or light shade, and almost any soil. F. ovata (Korean Forsythia) is the most cold-resistant and earliest-blooming.~~Prune after flowering. Leave side branches, but remove weak or dead wood. Water during dry spells, as plants wilt in dry weather.
Two white flowering shrubs from the eastern United States. One is a 3 to 4 ft. (90 cm to 1.25 m) spreader, the other grows to 9 ft. (2.75 m) tall. Their leaves offer excellent orange and scarlet fall color. Honey-scented, bottle-brush shaped blooms open before leaves develop, creating a dramatic spring show. ~~In hot, dry summer climates, needs partial shade and extra water. Plant in peaty soil.
These rare, wide-spreading, multi-trunked trees or large shrubs bloom once most ornamentals are finished. The fragrant, white, roselike flowers have bright yellow centers and complement the bright orange or red fall leaf color. Plant in lawns, with Rhododendrons and Azaleas, or near patios. Easy to start from seed. Best flowering and fall color in full sun.
Rapid-growing Ash trees are important both in the landscape and as a timber crop. They reach 80 ft. (24 m) and provide dense shade. Most commonly grown White and Green Ashes are used as street, lawn or shade trees. In spring, trees are covered with clusters of small flowers that become winged seeds. Plant male cultivars only, as seeds cause a litter problem and weedy growth of seedlings. Ashes adapt to any soil, including alkaline. Water during growing season, less after established. Prune in fall, if needed. Easily transplanted. Watch for borers.
These small drought-tolerant trees or shrubs look beautiful in hillside plantings, especially when mixed with other plants that need little water. Leathery, dark green leaves have feltlike undersides. Yellow saucerlike flowers are followed by long-lasting conical seed capsules. Start by seed or softwood cuttings. Stake young plants because of shallow root system. In frost areas, plant against a wall. Overwatering kills or shortens their life span.
For variety in shady areas, gardeners value FuchsiaÆs huge array of sizes, shapes and colors of flowers. Two-toned blooms--gracefully pendant single or frilly double flowers--have petals in shades of pink, coral, red, purple and white. Use upright-growing Fuchsias as shrubs or bedding plants, or train them into a tree-like form. Trailing varieties are excellent for containers and hanging baskets.~~Grown as evergreen to semi-deciduous shrubs in warm winter areas, can also be grown as annual house plants over winter. Plants thrive in cool, partial shade. Mist frequently where summers are hot and dry. Protect from strong winds. In spring, feed them high nitrogen fertilizer to encourage the new growth which produces flowers. High potassium fertilizer in summer encourages continuous bloom. Grow new plants easily from 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) stem tip cuttings. Watch for fuchsia gall mite, spider mites and white flies.
Long, drooping clusters of greenish-white flowers decorate this evergreen shrub. Plant male and female shrubs close together and females will produce clusters of purple fruit that attract birds. Use as a screen or hedge. While G. elliptica tolerates coastal conditions, G. freemontii better tolerates drought, heat and cold.~~Start from cuttings. Flowers on male plants are larger. All flowers grow on the previous year's growth, so prune carefully. Difficult to transplant once in the ground.
These upright or spreading evergreen shrubs perform best in semi-shady woodland gardens. Urn- shaped, whitish flowers attract bees and develop into fleshy fruits, many of which are colorful and aromatic, and attract birds. Salal and Wintergreen are valued for their dense masses of rich green, leathery leaves. Some are slow-growing when first planted, but once established, spread aggressively. All need moist, organic, well-drained, acid soils. ~~Start by seeds, division or cuttings.
This group's single evergreen tree is a drought-resistant substitute for willows. Its medium- to fine-textured, long, narrow leaves give it its willowy effect. Use as a street or patio tree, or group in groves.~~Tolerates light shade, but its foliage grows thickest in full sun.
Of these twining vines and shrubs, 2 are native to the southeastern US, and another is native to Eastern Asia. Carolina Jessamine, the state flower of South Carolina, is the most ornamental. Swamp Jessamine (Gelsemium rankinii), is native from North Carolina to Florida and has only recently become available in southern nurseries. Gelsemium is propagated by cuttings and seed.
This large, irregularly shaped tree's translucent, fanlike leaves offer dappled shade. Its leaves are found in ancient fossils, dating to the Jurassic period. Light green spring leaves turn bright yellow in autumn. When male and female trees grow close together, females produce yellowish fruits that smell awful when they break open. To avoid odorous fruits, plant males only. Trees' widths are usually 0.5 to 0.75 their height. Use singly in lawns or as street trees.~~Stake young trees so they'll grow straight trunks.
These tough, fast-growing trees tolerate flooding, seasonal extremes, acid and alkaline soils, highway salts and city pollution. They resist wind damage and tolerate drought once established. Their spreading branches are covered with thorny forked spines. Their long narrow pods have a sweet gummy sap, which inspires the common name, Honey Locust. Lawns or ground covers grow well under their light shading canopy, which is leafless during its long dormant period.~~Prune to prevent multiple trunks. Stake and train young trees. Roots break paving, so don't plant near sidewalks or curbs.
Fine-textured foliage, long thin flower clusters and drought tolerance make these evergreen shrubs and trees popular. The flowers attract hummingbirds. Naturalized in southern Florida, the Silk-Oak is fast-growing. Hybrids and species abound, though some cannot tolerate salty soils or poor water quality. Choose types that fit your garden conditions. They don't do well near lawns.~~Well-drained, even rocky, soil is a must. Don't use high-phosphate fertilizers. Prone to leaf-eating insects, scale and mites. Diseases are few.
White or pink blossoms on Silver Bell trees stand out dramatically against a backdrop of taller trees. Their bell-shaped flowers bloom just as Halesias begin to bud. Plant them in woodland gardens or as accent trees, with Azaleas and Rhododendrons. Thrive on rich, moist, well-drained, acid soils. Prefer some winter chill.~~Start from seed sown in fall or root cuttings. Protect from wind.
Witch Hazel offers striking winter color with its bright, fragrant bloom when most other plants are dormant. The small but showy frost-proof flowers open on leafless branches, and clusters of narrow petals last for several weeks. Blooms on the many flowering cultivars range from yellow to orange to red. Red flowering types also have the best red fall leaf colors. An extract from the bark is used as an astringent, and on bruises and sprains.~~Take care where you plant, for Witch Hazel grows 8 to 15 ft. (2.5 to 4.5 m) high. Add organic matter to soil when planting, and mulch to keep the soil cool and moist.
These twining or shrubby vines are graced with spikes of small pea-shaped flowers that bloom in winter or early spring. Grown outdoors in warm climates only. The slow-growing evergreens can be trained as screens on trellises, walls or fences, or used as ground covers. Drought-tolerant once established. Need partial shade in hot areas. Start with seeds or cuttings from young spring growth. Need support if grown as a climbing vine. Feed every two months. Prune to control size, and cut back tangled vines after bloom.
It climbs over walls, rocks, tree trunks and trellises, and carpets the ground. Its small aerial roots cling to everything. Ivy often naturalizes and spreads throughout the landscape. Older plants produce small green flowers and poisonous, bluish-black berries. They need shade and shelter to prevent winter damage in cold climates. For new plants, pieces of stem root readily in water. Water deeply during drought. Prune in spring to control growth and shape. Mulch in summer for weed control.
Attractive to hummingbirds, the dainty bell-shaped flowers range from white to pink to red to green. Long-lasting cut flowers. Compact clumps of evergreen leaves come in light, tinted variegations to chocolates to deep greens to rich purples. Shapes range from lobed or smooth-edged to wavy leaves. Use as edging, in rock gardens or perennial borders.~~Best in partial shade in hot seasons. Divide for new plants or sow seed.
So many varieties in so many colors and sizes! The large showy flowers come in shades of golden, pink, rose, yellow and orange, at times with colorful markings or double-petals. Some flowers grow to 1 ft. (30 cm) across. The state flower of Hawaii, the tropical Chinese hibiscus is often grown in containers. All are heat-loving and flower during the warmest months of the year. Prune to control shape and fertilize monthly during the growing season. Protect from wind. Insects and diseases can cause problems.
These Japanese natives thrive in moist, even boggy conditions. Easy to grow, theyÆre prized for their colorful, variegated leaves, which have yellow and pink edges, and are shaped like English ivy. Small clusters of flowers grow atop long stems. Bruised leaves have a strong, citrusy smell. Invasive in wet ground. Use as a ground cover or in containers in shade, or in sun in foggy areas. Start by seeds or division.
This is a wide-ranging group of evergreens and climbing species that includes the old-fashioned, ever-popular deciduous shrub. Plant the fast-grower in a mass in partial shade or in tubs, and be sure to water heavily. Adding aluminum sulfate to make the soil more acid produces blue-tinted flowers, while adding lime creates neutral to alkaline soil which favors pink-tinted flowers. Remove old flowers and deadwood to control shape immediately after flowering.
These shrubs and perennials have long-blooming, bright yellow flowers in summer. Evergreen in warmer climates, most are 3- to 5-ft. (90 cm to 1.5 m)-tall, mounding shrubs of arching stems with neatly paired leaves The low-growing H. calycinum is commonly planted as a ground cover. Excellent for controlling erosion. Once established, these tough and resilient plants stand neglect, drought and poor soils. Most make good seaside plants. Plant in masses on hillsides, in flower borders or as informal hedges.
Covered with masses of small fragrant flowers in spring, these evergreen ground covers are excellent for edging, rock gardens and containers, especially in combination with spring flowering bulbs. Slow to moderate in growth, plants form 1- to 2-ft. (30 to 60 cm)-wide mounds. ~~Drought-tolerant once established. The many varieties include æLittle Gem', a 6-in. (15 cm)-high dwarf, æPurityÆ, intermediate-size with large flowers, and æSnowflakeÆ, which flowers in spring and fall. The deep green leaves have a neat, clean look. Shear plants after bloom to keep compact. Cut back hard every few years.
Used to decorate many a home in winter, these are perhaps the most popular of all ornamental berry plants. Their showy berries often last for several months and attract birds. Most compact and fruitful in sun, Hollies will tolerate shade. On many Hollies, fruit is produced on female plants and pollen on male plants. To ensure plentiful fruit, plant both sexes near each other. They range from 1 ft. (30 cm) dwarfs to 50 ft. (15 m) trees. Useful as a hedge, barrier or background plant. Bugs can cause problems, but diseases are rare.
Think of Jasmine, and you think of its sweet perfume. Yet not all of this diverse group of vines, shrubs and ground covers have fragrant flowers. Most are tropical or subtropical, but some, such as Jasminum nudiflorum, grow as far north as southern coastal New England. ~~Prune to control shape and size. Several of the less frost-tolerant, fragrant species are grown in greenhouses which fill with their scent.
Walnuts are best suited to large landscapes. Grow these tall, fast-growing trees for their fragrant foliage, elegant stance, and, in some instances, edible nuts. Among the 20 species are the European Walnut (the most commonly grown commercial Walnut), the Black Walnut (an Eastern United States native that's extremely winter-hardy), or the English Walnut. Don't grow other plants nearby because Walnut roots produce growth inhibiting chemicals. Be aware that the English and California varieties of Black Walnut attract aphids, which produce a messy honeydew mixture that dirties patios and cars. In arid summer regions, irrigate slowly and deeply. Prune in summer and fall to shape, and to remove deadwood and suckers. Frost damages young plants.
Some of the best evergreens for hot weather, poor dry soils and city conditions, Junipers are found in almost any height, width, shape, and foliage color. They range from ground covers and shrubs to 65-ft. (19.5 m)-tall cone-bearing trees. Ground covers include J. procumbens, J. sargentii, and J. tamariscifolia. Shrubs include Pfitzer, Blue Star, and Armstrong junipers. Trees include J. scopulorum and J. virginiana. Most have round, blue or reddish fruits that follow their small white flowers. Foliage color, generally blue- or gray-green, may change with the seasons. ~~Requires well-drained soils. Won't tolerate shade or waterlogged soil. Watch for spider mites, aphids, twig borers, and Phomopsis twig blight, which kills new shoots in early wet springs. Prune or shear to shape. Easily transplanted.
Grown for their clusters of showy, cuplike flowers, these North American evergreen shrubs grow well in naturalized woodland areas. Plant in combination with rhododendrons or azaleas. They prefer moist, peaty, acid soil, and full to partial sun. Propagate by cuttings or by seed.
In summer, these graceful trees blend showers of clustered yellow blossoms with fresh green foliage. Showy seed capsules resemble Chinese paper lanterns. Use as shade or street trees. They adapt to most soils and climates, tolerating short droughts, wind, heat and air pollution. Roots are deep but not invasive. Start by seed or root cuttings. The wood is weak. Prune damaged wood after wind or ice storm.
Reminiscent of Wisteria, these trees' pendulous, bright yellow flower clusters grow up to 20 in. (50 cm) long. Olive-green bark and bright green compound leaves add to their ornamental beauty. Their brown leathery pods last until winter. Excellent as accent trees in mass plantings. However, plant where children and animals cannot reach toxic seeds and 3-part leaves. Tolerates city conditions. ~~Trouble-free where hardy. Shelter trees from drying winter winds and hot afternoon sun. Prune after flowering. Mulch to keep soil moist and cool. Remove brown seedpods to promote tree's health.
These small, multi-branched shrubs to small single-trunked trees are known for their ornamental flowers, bark and foliage. The large showy clusters of flowers range from white to pink to red to purple. The upright-arching trunks have gray to brown bark, which peels away to reveal the smooth pale-pink inner bark. Plant against a light-colored wall for the best effect.
Plants of the dead nettle group grow in shady places where many other flowers wonÆt. Their bright variegated foliage and pink or white flowers make them excellent small-scale ground covers. In hanging containers, their trailing stems with heart-shaped, 1.5- to 2-in. (3.75 to 5 cm) leaves drape over the edges. Deciduous in cold climates and partially evergreen elsewhere. ~~~~Shear back to generate bloom and keep foliage fresh.
These tall shrubs and ground covers have long-blooming flowers. The many hybrids and cultivars offer a wide range of flower color and plant size. The warm-colored blossoms and berries attract butterflies and birds. ~~Need full sun and warmth for vigorous growth and flowering and occasional deep watering once established. In harsh winters, they lose their leaves. Use ground covers to control erosion or trail out of hanging baskets or containers.~~Prune to shape and to encourage new growth. In shade, watch for mildew.
Graceful Larches are some of the few cone-bearing trees that turn color in fall, then drop their needles. The rose-shaped cones remain, dotting the bare branches through winter. In spring, soft needles emerge a vibrant young green. Among the hardiest of trees, they grow in almost any soil. Prefer cool summers, and need winter chill. ~~Sow seeds in shaded beds in fall or spring. Seedlings transplant easily. Clean up twig and cone debris under trees. Give supplemental water during dry periods. Prone to canker, rust, woolly aphids and Larch casebearer. Watch for mistletoe.
Creeping along woodland paths or between stepping stones, these ground covers spread to form a flat, bluish-green carpet. Give water all year. Cover young foliage to keep rabbits and mice away. Feed lightly once a month, spring to fall. No trimming needed.
Popular since classical times when heroes were awarded laurel wreaths, these compact evergreen shrubs or trees have dense, aromatic foliage. Can be espaliered on a wall or trellis, or left to grow into a bushy shape. They grow well in containers and, once established, they tolerate smog, heat, dust and drought. Where summers are hot, plant in some shade. Prune to control shape and size. Prune suckers annually.
On long ocean voyages, Captain Cook brewed tea from the leaves of L. scoparium to prevent scurvy, hence the common name, Tea Tree. Covered with white or pinkish flowers, these casual shrubs or small trees are especially attractive in spring. Long-lasting seed capsules follow flowers. These broad-spreading evergreens have slender branches and small stiff leaves. Established plants tolerate drought and grow well in coastal conditions. ~~Prefer full sun and well-drained soil, otherwise they're prone to root problems. Shear branches or prune, but never cut into bare wood. Start with cuttings.
Heat is the key to growing this desert-loving evergreen shrub. Slow-growing to 10 ft. (3 m) tall, heat and dry air also make their 1 in. (2.5 cm), rose-purple flowers bloom in summer. Silver-gray foliage feels soft like felt. Allergen-free, drought- and wind-tolerant once established. Good drainage is essential, and take care not to overwater. Use as a low hedge, lawn plant or background shrub.
Many of the vigorous, fast-growing, evergreen or deciduous shrubs in this group are practically synonymous with the word "hedge." All can be clipped, pruned, and groomed into formal shapes or screens. Unclipped, they bloom in clusters of fragrant, creamy white flowers, which attract bees. Birds like the blue or black berries that follow the flowers. All parts of the plant are poisonous to human beings, so keep small children away from them. Be sure of what you're buying, as many varieties look alike. L. ovalifolium (California Privet, called Common Privet in Great Britain), which tolerates some heat, and L. vulgare (Common Privet), which has lighter green leaves and tolerates dry soil, are often confused. They grow in almost any soil and in many climates, but most need lots of water. In the North, grow the cold-hardy L. amurense. In the South, plant the evergreen L. delavayanum. Most are pest- and disease-free.
Good as shade trees or planted in informal groves, their star-shaped leaves turn red, yellow, orange or purple in fall. Their round spiny fruits are shaped like the maces that medieval knights once carried. Their fruits contain the gummy sap that inspired their common name, Sweet Gum. Ridged bark resembles cork. They tolerate coastal conditions if sheltered from strong winds. Not recommended as street trees due to honeydew drip from aphids and scale, plus the litter from their fruit. Water deeply during dry spells to promote growth and deep roots. Shallow roots can crack pavement. Iron chlorosis is a problem in high pH soils.
These massive shade trees have uniquely shaped leaves. Once trees reach 10 years of age, tuliplike flowers appear in spring. Plant with enough space to accommodate their tall, wide growth and enormous root system. Tolerate heat, wind and humidity. Start from seed. Difficult to transplant once established. Remove weedy seedlings. Prune in winter. Protect from strong winds that cause limb damage. Give supplemental water in dry, summer regions.
Versatile and easy to grow, thriving in shade, partial sun, and sun in cool climates, the only maintenance lilyturf requires is a complete "haircut" in late winter and protection from snails. The white or purple flowers resemble the spikes of large grape hyacinths and last well as cut flowers. Use these grass-like perennials as small-scale ground cover or edging, and as accents around pools, dry stream beds and rock gardens. Can be grown indoors. ~~Available in containers year-round. Cut back when foliage looks shaggy, and divide before new growth starts in spring.
This is a popular group of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and twining vines with showy, tubular, often sweetly-scented flowers. Most are easy to grow, though vines may need support at the start. Hummingbirds like the fragrant flowers, and birds eat the seeds and fruit.~~Prune to control growth. Start by seeds or cuttings.
Only 1 species of these tender evergreens, L. chinense, is cultivated. It's a medium-sized shrub grown outdoors in warm regions. Use in beds, hanging baskets, woodland gardens, or as a ground cover. A good companion plant for Azaleas and Rhododendrons. Prefers cool, gritty, moist soils. Protect from hot afternoon sun.
Though one type is the state flower of both Mississippi and Louisiana, they perfume more than just the southern states with their dazzling citrus-like fragrance. While they favor ample summer moisture, at least one of the many varieties can be grown in every climate. These mostly deciduous trees and shrubs come in many sizes and shapes, ranging from the shrubby Star Magnolia to the giant Southern Bay Magnolia. The large, opulent flowers range from white and yellow to pink and purple.~~Pest and disease problems are few, but Magnolias can become deficient in various nutrients. Place in a protected area without direct southern sun. Plant where there's little foot traffic, as the shallow roots don't like compacted soil. Choose plant location carefully, as many grow large, and most varieties don't like to be moved. Mulch to keep roots cool and moist. Frost can kill early blooms.
These easy-to-grow, cold-hardy shrubs are grown for their compound leaves edged with spiny teeth, which look good all year. Their spiky clusters of fragrant yellow flowers develop into blue-black fruits that attracts birds. Some are drought-tolerant and have reddish to purplish fall color. ~~Start by seed or cuttings.
Edible Apples and ornamental Crabapples have masses of spring flowers that emerge before the leaves. Hundreds of Apple varieties are grown for cider, cooking, eating, or a combination of uses. Each type, including dwarf and semi-dwarf, has its own climate preferences and harvest dates. However, some types of Apple tree can be found to grow in every state in the U.S.~~Single- or semi-double-flowering trees have red, orange, or yellow Apples that ripen from midsummer into autumn. Double-flowering Crabapples seldom produce fruit. Crabapples do well in lawns, in the foreground of borders, or closely planted in rows, as high screens. They tolerate a range of soils, from acid to slightly alkaline, and from rocky to wet. ~~Stake newly planted trees. Protect the fruit from birds. Prune damaged, diseased, dead or rubbing branches. Remove suckers in early summer.
The most frequently grown type of these leather-leaved evergreen shrubs and trees is M. boaria. It's a Willowlike tree, without the Willow's problems. It tolerates most soils, but requires good drainage. Drought-tolerant once established, but best with some supplemental water. Resists oak root fungus. Stake young trees. Deep watering allows roots to grow deep and non-invasive. Don't disturb roots, or they will sucker.
These rugged, fast-growing evergreen trees (and shrubs) tolerate coastal conditions, heat, drought and alkaline soils. As they mature, their bark becomes gnarled and peels in layers. Because clusters of the small flowers look like long, circular brushes, these trees are sometimes called bottlebrushes. Their flowers attract birds. Woody seed capsules follow the flowers. Narrow leaves are mostly needlelike. Use smaller trees as screens and larger ones as shade trees. Thin their canopy to highlight branches and bark. Cut back to side branches, but don't shear.
The only type grown is M. glyptostroboides, a relic from the Jurassic period. It was only known from fossils until its discovery in 1944; it is now widely available in nurseries. It is among the few conifers to drop its colorful fall foliage. Locate to accommodate its large size. Grows faster in mild climates. Protect from cold winter winds and hot, dry summer winds. Don't plant in low, frosty areas where late-season growth may be damaged.
These large, upright grasses produce eye-catching flowering plumes above clumps of arching leaves. Foliage and flowers sway gracefully in the wind while reflecting the sunlight. Use plumes in dried flower arrangements. Plant in mass plantings or mixed with other perennials or shrubs. Many types are available.~~Divide clumps for new plants and to rejuvenate growth. Cut back hard in late winter before new growth begins. Wear gloves and long sleeves to protect yourself from grass blade cuts.
Some of these Pacific island natives are shrubs and trees used as windbreaks in warm climates. Others are ground covers, good at carpeting banks. All are tough and fast-growing. Glossy evergreen foliage is fire-retardant and dotted with small bell-shaped flowers. They tolerate coastal conditions, but not frost. Give some water during dry periods.
Grow these evergreen and deciduous shrubs and small trees for their aromatic foliage and grayish or purple fruits. They like temperate and warm climates. Some species have edible fruit; others are used to make wax. Grow in lime-free soil.
This bamboolike shrub is grown for its finely-textured foliage, upright canelike stems, and showy red berries which give color through winter. Varieties are available in varying heights, textures and leaf colors. Leaves color better in sun, but need some shade in hot areas. Excellent hedge, screen, or container plants, they tolerate coastal winds and salt spray. Pruned properly, they can be trained as a bonsai.~~Prune to remove damaged and older canes to encourage new growth. Killed to ground at 5║F, it recovers quickly. Resists oak root fungus.
The glossy dark green leaves of these wide-branched trees produce a brilliant show of autumn color before falling. They also produce small greenish-white flowers. Easily started from seed. Plant when young from containers or from ball and burlap. Difficult to transplant large trees. Protect them from strong winds. They won't tolerate pollution.
This tree is popular not only because a single branch symbolizes peace. Olive trees are also widely grown in California and Arizona for their willowlike silver-gray foliage, attractive gnarled bark, and their ability to thrive in desert conditions, once established. Unless you plan to harvest and prepare the olives, choose a fruitless variety to avoid litter and stains. ~~Prune off basal suckers. Train as single- or multi-trunked tree. Box and transplant as desired.
The dense, finely textured, deep evergreen clumps of this slow-spreading perennial make excellent ground cover and edging plants. Flowers are white or lilac, and are followed by blue-shaded fruit. Makes good cut flowers. A rare, black-leafed type is available. Mondo Grass is often confused with Lily-turf which has wider leaves and larger flowers. ~~Start by seed or division. Cut back shabby foliage. ~~Watch for slugs and snails.
Evergreen shrubs or trees with attractive leathery leaves and fragrant but inconspicuous flowers, Osmanthi are tough plants that thrive in a wide range of soils, including heavy clay. They like full sun, but can grow well in partial shade. Semi-drought-tolerant when established. Useful as hedges, background or screening plants. Propagate by cuttings.
Planted singly or among other taller trees, Sourwood stands out in every season. In summer white bell-shaped flowers bloom among these glossy leaves. In fall, their leaves turn scarlet and the branches are covered with yellow to brown fruits. After leaves drop, dark, deeply furrowed winter bark is visible. Start from seeds or cuttings. They need moist, acid soil. Mulch to keep soil moist and to protect fibrous roots. Shelter from wind. Won't tolerate pollution. Transplant in spring.
Rapid-growing, these ground covers or low shrubs are perfect for partly shady areas, especially under trees, in moist or dry sites. Shade is a must for these 6- to 10-in. (15 to 25 cm)-high evergreens, because the spoon-shaped leaves yellow in the sun. Leaves are usually green, but variegated types are also available. Spikes of fragrant flowers open early in spring, followed by small, whitish berries. Good in edging and around house foundation. Deer-resistant.~~Easily started, either from cuttings taken in summer and planted in half sand and half soil, or by division. Water frequently until established. Fertilize during the growing season. Watch for scale, leaf blight canker disease and, in wet soils, root rot.
Use these vines and ground covers to blanket rough walls and arbors. In autumn, the deciduous leaves turn fiery colors and are interspersed with clusters of dark blue berries that attract birds. Tolerate most soils. Support growing plants. Don't plant to cover wood or shingled siding, as the vines will grow under planks. Tendrils are hard to remove. Prone to leaf hoppers and Japanese beetles. Start new plants from cuttings in spring.
Tropical-looking, short-lived, waxy flowers bloom on these rapid-growing, evergreen or deciduous vines. Parts of the short-lived flowers are said to represent elements in the biblical story of JesusÆ Passion. Varieties include the popular Blue Passionflower (P. Caerulea), which is nearly immune to pests and is more frost-hardy than other species. P. Alatocaerulea, which has been used in perfume, has fragrant white flowers, tinted pink and lavender with deep blue or purple crowns.~~Reaching 20 to 30 ft. (6 to 9 m) tall, their vigorous growth can become a tangle of new and old vines. Thin each spring after the 2nd year. Outdoors in mild climates, plant by a fence, trellis or other support, in the ground or in containers. Use on banks for erosion control. They like full sun to partial shade. Grow in greenhouses where winters are cold.~~Start by seed or cuttings. Water during summer. Watch for caterpillars.
Trouble- and maintenance-free shade or specimen trees, their sculptured branches hold aromatic foliage. Female trees produce abundant black fruits, which hang on long after their leaves have fallen. Berries stain sidewalks and driveways. Tolerate most soils and urban conditions.
This is a large group of fast-growing, vigorous shrubs with fountainlike shapes. They produce showy white flowers with orange stamens and a strong fragrance reminiscent of an orange blossom. Several species, hybrids and cultivars are available. Remove oldest branches in spring just after flowering to maintain compactness and to reinvigorate plants. Use the taller types in lawns or as background, and the smaller forms as low hedges.
These evergreen or deciduous shrubs and small trees have bright reddish or bronzy young leaves that turn rich green. Clusters of white flowers often develop into ornamental red berries. These multi-branched and densely leafed plants are useful as informal hedges, backgrounds, screens and as a large point of interest. Can be trained as a tree or espalier plant. Attracts birds. Some types need little water once established. ~~Start by seed or cuttings. Prune to control growth. Watch for aphids and mildew.
Tall, stiff-needled, pyramidal trees, spruces grow in almost any soil. Use the larger types in park or landscape plantings. The slower-growing species are better in the garden. Planted close together, their dense foliage makes an excellent windbreak. Spruces lose their lower branches fairly early in life, and their crowns thin as they age. The pendent cones grow year-round. Easily transplanted.
Good as container plants and companion plants with Rhododendrons (both prefer moist, acid, organic soil), these evergreen shrubs have deep green leaves and urn-shaped flowers. New spring foliage is often red or bronze. Scores of cultivars are available, including dwarf forms, selections with variegated leaves and others with white, pink or reddish flowers. They are easiest to grow in the coastal valleys of the Northwest U.S. Protect from hot afternoon sun in warmer climates and strong winter winds in northern zones. Deadhead old flowers to promote next yearÆs buds. Lace Bugs are a problem in eastern states, especially for Japanese Pieris.
The many forms and types of pines can be found in northern temperate zones and on mountains in the tropics. Some grow rapidly, others slowly. Some have silvery foliage, others are dark green. They range from dwarfs to 100 ft. (30 m) trees. The size and form of their cones vary. All pines have long needle-like leaves grouped in clusters of 2 to 5. They're fairly drought-tolerant, with a few exceptions. Extended drought or pollution can weaken pines, making them susceptible to pests and diseases.~~They grow well in full sun and poor, but well-drained soils. Shape tree in spring. Too much water produces yellow needles.
These deciduous and evergreen trees blaze with color in the fall. Their feathery, lance-shaped leaves range from red to yellow. Flowers are inconspicuous. When planted near male trees, females bear berrylike fruit. They make excellent street or shade trees. One type, P. vera, produces edible pistachio nuts.~~Prone to verticillium wilt, so plant in well-drained soil and water deeply and infrequently. Prune and stake to develop single trunks with high crowns.
These shrubs and trees are valued for their dense, evergreen foliage, often fragrant flowers, interesting fruit and adaptability to a wide range of soils and climates. They are fairly drought-resistant, but look better with watering. Most make excellent hedges, screens or windbreaks. WonÆt tolerate long, cold winters.~~Start by seeds or cuttings. Watch for aphids and scale.
Sycamores, or Plane Trees, are wonderful in parks and along avenues, where they have ample room to grow. Not only do they lose their large maple-like leaves in autumn, but their bark peels off in large patches to reveal the white inner bark. Use their long stalks with brown, round seed clusters in dried flower arrangements. Some species tolerate city conditions, and all tolerate severe pruning. Susceptible to blight and, in the desert, chlorosis. Leaf anthracnose is a problem in cool, moist seasons and climates. Rake and dispose of dead leaves.
Tough foundation plants, windbreaks, hedges and screens, these cone-bearing evergreens thrive in wet soil and full sun. Use their dwarf types in rock gardens. Their flat needle-like leaves are fragrant. Protect from winter sun and cold winter winds in northern climates. Prone to snow and ice damage. Prune to control size and shape and to remove damaged or diseased branches. Do not prune beyond green growth, as you may leave a permanent hole in the foliage. Watch for spider mites in dry climates.
The name of one species of these widely planted lawn grasses, Bluegrass, was adapted for a type of American country music. Kentucky Blue Grass is also the most commonly planted of all the species. Another type, P. trivialis, is most often used in pastures and meadows, and is sometimes planted as lawn in heavy, moist soils. P. compressa is too coarse-textured for lawn grass. All bluegrass lawns are grown from seed, alone or mixed with perennial rye grass seed, or sod. Water all species regularly during the growing season. Grow best in full sun and neutral to slightly alkaline soils. In dry, slightly acid soils, shade- and drought-tolerant, Fescue grasses are a better choice.
These evergreen subtropical trees and shrubs are grown outdoors in the warmest regions of the U.S. for their attractive foliage. If planted near a male pollinizer, female trees bear fleshy red fruits. Use them as hedges, high screens or in groves. Need shade in hot climates. Stake when young until trunk develops. Prune to any shape. May develop chlorosis in heavy and damp or alkaline soil.
Several from this large group of perennials and vines are grown for their masses of green, white or reddish flowers, some of which are fragrant. Most are fast-growing, sun-loving, and easy to grow. ~~Start by seed or division. Prune to control growth.
Planted frequently in the cooler places in the western U.S., these are some of the most garden-worthy Ferns available. Easy to grow, they blend in well with other plants, providing a neat, symmetrical background of foliage. Found from the tropics to alpine climate, some of these water lovers grow tall, others are wide and low-growing. Hardy varieties are excellent in shady borders, or in rock gardens mixed with other plants. With humidity, tender varieties will grow indoors.~~Sold in containers in the house plant or fern section of nurseries.
Light, airy leaves rustling in even the slightest breeze create the delicate sound of Poplars and the smaller-growing Aspens. Grown commercially, their slender gray trunks are cut for pulpwood. Rapid-growing, they're frequently planted along avenues and in dry prairie regions for windbreaks and screens. Position them where their long roots won't clog drains or crack pavement. Tolerant of drought, city conditions and salt spray. Prone to rust, canker, scale and several other insects. Prune only in summer.
Useful for ground covers and borders, this group of dwarf, hardy, long-blooming shrubs tolerate a variety of soils and seashore conditions such as wind and salt. Choose from several species, hybrids and cultivars with a wide range of flower colors. ~~Potentilla perform best in full sun, but tolerate some shade. Plant taller types near each other for support. Provide good air circulation to prevent mildew, and watch for spider mites during dry seasons. Periodic pruning rejuvenates older specimens.
Plum, Apricot, Nectarine, Peach, Cherry, and Almond trees are all part of this tasty group. Not only can you eat the fruits of the several deciduous varieties, but most of the trees in this group offer a spectacular show of spring hues. With their attractive foliage and bark, some look good year-round. Deciduous trees and shrubs named "Flowering" are ornamental only. Use the non-fruiting evergreen types as hedges, screens or shade and street trees. Most won't tolerate waterlogged soil, heat, or dryness.~~Prone to several pests and diseases, so keep them healthy and vigorous. Spray to control pests and diseases when needed. Prune after flowering to shape and remove diseased and dead branches. Transplant in spring.
Praised by the ancients, this fruit's sweet, juicy, jewel-like, red pulp is the reason to plant it. The fruits on this slow-growing, deciduous shrub or small tree are used for juice and in jelly. They ripen and become edible only in warm climates, and not all types bear fruit. Their crinkly petaled, summer-blooming flowers are another attraction. The funnel-shaped blooms are usually scarlet, but the less cold-hardy, single- and double-flowered varieties also have white and yellow flowers. Shrubs reach 6- to 8-ft. (2 to 2.5 m)-tall. Dwarf and non-fruiting varieties are also available. Use as a hedge or grow in tubs.~~Easiest from cuttings, but also started from seed. Available in containers. Plant in sheltered, warm site. Fruit grow on branches 2 years or older, so thin newer growth when plant becomes dense. Holes in fruit might be from leaf-footed plant bugs. Watch for fungus where humid.
These fast-growing shrubs are grown for their colorful fruit, evergreen foliage, hardiness and ease of care. Clusters of fragrant white flowers mass at the ends of last yearÆs branches. Some types are ground covers, while others can be trained to grow up a wall, fence or trellis. Use as background or screen plants. Birds like the berries. Watch out for stiff sharp thorns.~~Buy plants in fruit to be sure of berry color. Plants under stress susceptible to fireblight, though disease-resistant varieties are available.
Deciduous and evergreen Pear trees look good year-round. Foliage on deciduous trees turns bright autumn colors. After their glossy green leaves drop, spring flowers bloom. Fruiting types produce Pears in fall. Like the deciduous varieties, evergreen Pears offer a spectacular spring bloom. Use as shade or street trees. Grow small types in containers. They adapt to most soils, including clay. Pears are also tolerant of air pollution, drought and wind. ~~Prone to fireblight (especially evergreens), Pear psylla and scab. For optimum fruit crops, schedule regular fertilizing, pruning, dormant oil spraying and supplemental watering in arid climates. Prune in later winter or early spring to shape or to remove damaged or crowded branches.
Wide-spreading, large-trunked Oaks are known for their long life, strength and majestic beauty. They have many forms, but are mostly deciduous trees and some shrubs. Some like wet soil; others prefer dry. All have deeply cut leaves and acorns. The foliage on some types turns red, orange and yellow in fall; on others it turns only brown. The evergreens have hollylike leaves. Use as shade or street trees. Prone to caterpillars, oak root fungus and wilt. Never plant an Oak where another Oak died from disease. Prune to speed growth. For greater height, pinch tips of small branches, and leave as much foliage as possible.
Their handsome foliage, berrylike fruits, and vigorous growth make them excellent shrub borders, tall screens, or hedges. Small clusters of flowers are inconspicuous. Easy to grow, the deciduous and evergreen types tolerate wind, heat, drought and garden water. Grow in most soils. Seeds spread by birds can be a nuisance.~~Start from seed sown in fall or from cuttings.~~Easily transplanted.
Grown for their dark, leathery leaves and long-, late-blooming flowers, these popular evergreen shrubs are drought-tolerant once established. Flowers range from white to deep pink and bloom from late fall to late spring. Small, purple or black fruit follows. New leaves on these mostly low-growing shrubs turn bronze and burgundy. Taller types can reach 6 to 15 ft. (2 to 4.5 m) Use as informal hedges, background plantings, low screens and container plants. Use dwarf types for ground covers. Easy to grow in full sun. Won't tolerate frost.~~For dense bushes, prune and pinch new growth frequently. Avoid overhead watering. Watch for aphids, fungus and fireblight.
These deciduous or evergreen shrubs come in dozens of varieties and bloom in a wide range of colors. A species of Rhododendron, with similar soil and water requirements, Azaleas may flower earlier and are usually smaller. The free-blooming and long-lived plants are usually as broad as they are tall, and are good for shrub beds, as backgrounds to flower borders, along pathways or in open areas. Plants vary from under 2 ft. (60 cm) up to 80 ft. (24 m) in height.~~~~Some types bear fragrant flowers, such as lemon-scented Alabama Azalea (R. Alabamense) and rose-scented Coast Azalea (R. Atlanticum). Flowers generally found in clustered bouquets, they come in a variety of shapes--funel- to bell-shaped, small and large. They range from the whitest of whites to cream yellows and from flaming oranges to fiery reds and the deepest of purples.~~~~Plant in acid soil in filtered sunlight or light shade, although plants tolerate full sun in cool, summer areas. Use soil rich in organic matter, which retains water and drains quickly. Plant in fall or spring with the top of the root ball slightly above the soil level. Water immediately after planting and spread a generous layer of mulch. Fertilize after flowering ends but before July 4. Never prune after mid-summer because those branches produce the next season's flowers. Never cultivate the surface soil near Azaleas. Spray to control lace bugs and petal blight. Susceptible to Chlorosis, yellowing foliage while leaves remain green. Although this signals an iron deficiency, the trouble isn't a shortage of iron in the soil, but rather the plant's inability to get iron because soil is waterlogged or poorly aerated.~~~~When you buy plants, you may see a 2- or 3-number American Rhododenron Society code on the sticker. The 2-number codes indicate flower quality, then shrub quality, with 5 as highest and 1 as poor. Check to be sure what the 3-number codes stand for, as the ARS hasn't yet set this in stone.
Growing in varieties from 3 to 30 ft. ( 90 cm to 9 m) tall, Sumacs offer a show of brilliant fall color and bright red fruits. They thrive in roadside plantings, and grow in moist, well-drained soils and environments. Look best planted in masses. Deciduous types tolerate cold climates better than evergreens. Poison oak and ivy, which cause a skin rash if touched, are both in this group. Most Sumacs do not live long. Their weak wood is brittle and easily damaged by ice, wind and snow, which often leads to serious diseases.~~Buy plants bearing both male and female flowers to ensure fruiting. Cut back to prevent weather damage.
These deciduous and evergreen shrubs are grown for their flowers, foliage or edible fruit, which attracts birds. Spineless types are called currants, the others are called gooseberries. Ribes are host to a destructive rust that attacks 5-needled pines, so several states forbid them. Before you plant Ribes, check with state authorities to see if they have been outlawed. Start from seed or cuttings. Give shade and some supplemental water when planted away from the coast.
These trees are as tough as they are beautiful. They tolerate dry heat, steep slopes and poor soil. They thrive along roadsides and highway banks. They also have graceful feathery leaves, and opulent, long, hanging clusters of white or pink pea-shaped blossoms. Flowers yield flattened brown or nearly black pods. Excellent fall color. Drought-tolerant once established. Start from seed, cuttings, suckers and division. Shallow roots are aggressive and sucker if disturbed. Transplant easily. Prone to borers, the carpenter worm and leaf miner.
A country cottage smothered with a magnificent, fragrant Climbing Rose even makes non-gardeners swoon. Trained to grow upward on trellises, arches or pergolas, they need little garden space (unless you never prune them, then some varieties could swallow a whole yard). Old plants can disguise garages or sheds.~~Need full sun to bloom well. Easy to find. Nurseries, hardware stores, and some grocery stores sell them in spring. Look for older or rare varieties at specialty nurseries.
These roses have bushy habits and low-maintenance requirements that make them well-suited for landscaping, for containers or flowering hedges. They mix well with other shrubs, perennials or ground covers. Many have long blooming periods. ~~Most are commonly available. Buy old or species types from specialty nurseries.
Once thought to stimulate memory, this herb has been used for cooking, medicine and gardening for centuries. Plants make tough, aromatic, drought-tolerant evergreen shrubs. They range from an erosion-controlling ground-hugger to absolutely upright and are used as hedges and borders. Honey bees and some birds are attracted to its small blossoms of white, lavender, pink or blue. Repels garden moths. In cooking, use the pine-like leaves, fresh or dried, with meat and poultry. Good as year-round houseplants, theyÆre also used in small topiary in the shapes of globes, wreaths and Christmas trees. Full sun, little if any water and good drainage are essential to this Mediterranean native. WonÆt tolerate cold winters, humidity or wet soil. Buy in pots, or put cuttings in water until they sprout roots, then plant. Pinch back growing tips while plant is young. Cut back older plants to increase side branching.
Blackberries and raspberries are the best-known members of this group, commonly known as brambles. Not all have edible fruit. Some are grown for their foliage and flowers as small shrubs or ground covers. Most have prickly stems, and some can be trained on a fence or trellis. Prefer loamy, well-drained soil. Start from seed, suckers and root cuttings.
Poets and songwriters have immortalized Weeping Willows for the mood created by their long hanging branches and light feathery leaves. The softwood branches of Willow shrubs can be bent into furniture or baskets. Collect their pussy willows and colorful twigs for dried flower arrangements. Also valued for their fast growth, Willows are planted on the banks of streams and rivers to prevent erosion or to shade other slow-growing trees. Their invasive roots compete with nearby plants for moisture and nutrients, so gardening underneath is difficult. Plant away from sewer lines and systems. Brittle, breakable limbs and continual leaf litter can also be a problem. They tolerate most soils, but need plenty of water. Prefer winter chill.~~Easily started from cuttings or seed. Stake and train young Weeping Willows so that they grow tall enough for you to walk under their canopies. Prune out dead or damaged branches in summer or fall. Prone to many diseases and insects.
Lavender cottonÆs dense mounds of fine-textured foliage are attractive year-round. Leaves give off a spicy fragrance when brushed or bruised. In summer, yellow button-like flowers wave above the deep green. Not picky about soil, itÆs excellent as an edging or rock garden plant, or as a low hedge. Keep foliage clipped, and shear off faded flowers. Humidity causes the foliage to become unsightly. Needs little water where summers are cool. Available in containers throughout the growing season.
The glossy green leaves on this shade-loving evergreen shrub or ground cover are its chief attraction. Their small clusters of fragrant spring flowers are inconspicuous. Excellent under overhangs and low-branching treesùeven in deepest shade. Best in mild climates and rich, moist, acid, organic soils. Start by division or cuttings.
Only one of this group is well known, the Japanese Umbrella Pine. Considered a choice landscape tree for its glossy evergreen foliage, its common name comes from its broader, drooping mature shape. It grows slowly to 30 ft. (9 m) Plant singly as specimen or accent trees, or group several as a border. Protect from strong winds. In hot summer climates, give afternoon shade. Transplant in spring.
The only member of the genus is S. sempervirens, the giant conifer known as the Redwood. Coast Redwoods, the tallest of all trees, commonly reach more than 300 ft. (90 m) in their native Pacific Coast range. They live extremely longùsome California specimens are more than 3000 years oldùand require little care in moist air and soil. Their shallow fibrous root systems compete for moisture and nutrients. No serious pest or disease problems. Resist oak root fungus.
These slow-growing dwarf shrubs are popular for their glossy green leaves and red hollylike berries that last into winter. Their pinkish buds become tiny white flowers in late spring. Plant in partial shade as borders, near foundations or in containers. Tolerate moderate air pollution. Prefer moist, acid loam and partial shade. Start from seeds or cuttings.
Related to tomatoes and peppers, eggplants need long hot summers to produce their glossy egg-shaped fruit. Essential in recipes for moussaka, ratatouille, and eggplant parmesan. The many varieties may produce purple, white, yellow, or green fruits, ranging in size from football-sized to walnut-sized baby eggplants.~~~~Plant seedlings outside after nights stay above 55 deg. F (13 deg. C) and days reach 70 deg. F (22 deg. C). In cool or short summer areas, use early maturing varieties such as æDuskyÆ and æEarly BirdÆ. Thin large eggplants to 1 fruit per branch. Cut fruit of most varieties off main stems when 1/3 to 2/3 full size and shiny (dull fruits are overripe). Harvest often to ensure continued production. To avoid diseases such as verticillium, donÆt plant where tomatoes, potatoes, or eggplants have grown for the past 2 to 3 years.
Clouds of pea-shaped flowers, beanlike seeds and finely textured foliage decorate these deciduous and evergreen trees. Use them in lawns as accent or shade trees or as street trees. Their fragrant flowers are yellow, white or violet. Evergreens grow only in the South. Once established, they tolerate heat, drought and some air pollution. They prefer sandy loam and warm, dry summers. Seed pods may leave a yellow stain where they fall. Prune to remove deadwood.
Decorative and tough, Mountain Ashes' scattered flower clusters yield colorful hanging fruits. The red, yellow, orange, pink and white fruit is a treat for birds. In fall, their fernlike foliage turns orange to red. Best in northern climates, they tolerate wind, cold and dry weather. Don't like summer heat. Good specimen or shade trees, though fruit can cause litter. Some are difficult to transplant. Prone to various diseases, canker, fireblight and borers, especially on plants under stress. Stressed by alkaline soils, compacted soils and air pollution.
Tough and hardy, Spiraeae tolerate sun or light shade and many different soil types as long as drainage is good. It is a large genus of shrubs with showy white, pink, or rosy-red flowers. Prune spring-blooming species during or just after flowering. Prune summer-flowering species from late winter into early spring. Deadhead old flowers to extend blooming.
These are distinctive trees and shrubs in every season. Their leaves become rich green in spring, and their camellia-like flowers bloom in summer. In autumn their leaves blaze with color. Flaking brownish bark reveals lighter inner bark, so mottled trunks are a mix of orange, gray and reddish-brown. Plant these slow growers only on the West Coast, in the Southeast and in sheltered locations in the mid-Atlantic regions. Shade from hot afternoon sun. Prefer loamy acid soil. Transplant only when young. Mulch to keep soil moist. Use leaf mold or peat moss as soil amendments.
Grouped in a shrubbery border or planted singly in a lawn, these modest-size trees are at their best in spring and fall. In spring, white bell-shaped flowers hang in clusters, and in autumn leaves turn spectacular colors. All right to garden underneath. Plant against a background of larger, darker evergreen trees. Best in loamy soil and in areas sheltered from hot sun and wind. Won't tolerate dry heat. Give water regularly during dry periods. Add peat and organic matter as soil amendments.
Clusters of colorful berries decorate these upright, slender, spreading shrubs long into winter. These attract birds, and can be so heavy that the graceful arching branches bend to the ground. Flowers are inconspicuous. Use these shrubs as borders, thickets or under larger trees or shrubs. Can also be used for erosion control on banks. Tolerate most soils, and grow in sun or partial shade. ~~Flowers and fruit grow on new wood, so prune old wood early in spring. Spreads by root suckers.
Perhaps the most popular of all fragrant blooming shrubs, their showy, long flower clusters make excellent cut flowers. Blossoms come in a bluish-lilac color, and many others. Best where winters are freezing, but some varieties bloom with mild cold.~~Remove dead flowers just above where buds form. Prune lightly to control height and invigorate mature woody plants. Watch for Lilac leaf miner, scale and Lilac borer.
Yews' dense medium-sized shrubs are commonly used in clipped hedges and topiary. These slow-growing, long-lived plants range from 1 ft. (30 cm) dwarfs to 60 ft. (18 m) giant trees. Their broad, needlelike dark leaves stay green year-round. The foliage is poisonous, and the scarlet fall fruit of female trees has poisonous seeds, so plant away from small children. Tolerate urban dust, air pollution, and, once established, drought. Protect from winter sun and drying winds. Require moist well-drained soils. Won't tolerate strongly acid or alkaline soils. Prune to control size and shape. Mostly disease-free, but prone to black vine weevils.
Only one type of these tropical vinelike shrubs, T. capensis, is commonly grown. Train it to climb along trellises, fences or walls. Plant it on steep banks, or prune it to form 6 to 8 ft. (2 to 2.5 m) shrubs or hedges. Its scarlet funnel-shaped flowers sit upon its lacy foliage. Seed pods follow flowers. These tough plants tolerate some drought. Start from seeds or cuttings. Support rapid-growing plants. Prune annually after flowers bloom to encourage new growth and future blossoms.
These tropical natives are valued for their dark green, leathery leaves which change color with the seasons. They are grown outdoors in mild climates in well-drained, moist soil. Elsewhere, theyÆre greenhouse plants. Without pruning, these slow-growing evergreen trees and shrubs reach 6 to 30 ft. (2 to 9 m) tall. They have single or clustered flowers on reddish-brown branches, and fleshy fruits with large, dark seeds. Use as hedges, near pools or in tubs, and cut the foliage for flower arrangements. Plant with its relation, Camellia, or Azaleas, Nadinas or Ferns. Needs acid soil or fertilizer.~~Start from cuttings. Transplants easily. Pinch growing tips of young plants to encourage compact growth. Prune to size.
The subtle Germanders provide leaf texture and color to rock gardens, edging, herb gardens, containers and parking strips. Drought-tolerant once established, shrubs thrive in poor, rocky soils in sun and heat. One variety, Teucrium marum, Cat Thyme, has tiny, fussy leaves and small, purple flowers that cats canÆt resist. Teucrium hircanicum is grown for its vibrant purple flower spikes. Teucrium prostratum makes a good, small-scale ground cover. The delightful Wood Germander, Teucrium scorodonia crispum, has frilly, curled leaf edges. Can be used as a casual hedge.~~Sold in containers throughout the growing season.
Tough foundation plants, windbreaks, hedges and screens, these cone-bearing evergreens thrive in wet soil and full sun. Use the dwarf types in rock gardens. Their flat needle-like leaves are fragrant. Protect from winter sun and cold winter winds in northern climates. Prone to snow and ice damage. Prune to control size and shape and to remove damaged or diseased branches. Do not prune beyond green growth, as you may leave a permanent hole in the foliage. Watch for spider mites in dry climates.
No spice rack would be complete without culinary thyme for use in meat, poultry and fish dishes. Use aromatic ornamental varieties as ground covers and in edging. Their blooms are not showy, but attract bees and butterflies. Plants withstand some neglect, but water in hottest parts of summer. Shear unattractive foliage and spent flowers. Culinary types are sold in the herb sections of nurseries. Ornamental types are available in cell packs or larger containers throughout the growing season.
Line roads or long driveways with tall, uniform, pyramidal Lindens. Their dense foliage becomes covered with fragrant yellowish flowers that attract honeybees. In colder regions, foliage turns yellow in fall. Aphid infestation causes honeydew drip. Stake young trees. Prune to remove basal sprouts and dead or damaged limbs. Mulch to keep soil moist and cool.
Trail these sprawling, shrubby evergreens over walls, use them in raised beds, as edging, or grow them as ground covers. Fragrant white to yellow spring and summer flowers are followed by pairs of seed-bearing pods. Plants produce a milky sap when cut. In hot areas, plant in partial shade. Propagate by seed or cuttings.
Once a popular vase-shaped lawn and street tree, American Elms are plagued by incurable Dutch elm disease and insects. Elms also have shallow, aggressive root systems. However, one species, the Chinese Elm, which resists disease and pest damage, is still planted in mild-winter and desert regions. Its long arching branches are covered with glossy saw-toothed leaves that turn color in fall. Its shedding bark creates a multicolored trunk. Don't plant Elms where Dutch elm disease has broken out. Stake young trees until trunk develops. Prune to shape and remove deadwood.
These ornamental shrubs attract birds with their clusters of flowers and edible fruits, such as blueberries and huckleberries. Nice in woodland settings, wine barrels, or other containers.~~Need acid soil and mulching. Propagate by semi-ripe cuttings in summer or by seed in fall.
Evergreen or deciduous, these popular shrubs are prized as flowering, fruiting and foliage plants that adapt to various climates and conditions. Some plants have showy or fragrant flowers, others bloom in winter, or offer fall color. Ornamental berries come in shades of red, black and blue, and attract birds. Protect from direct sun where summers are long, hot and dry. Water regularly during growing/blooming season, less at other times. Mulch to keep roots cool and moist. Prune to keep plants in shape. Watch the evergreens for spider mites, scale, aphids and thrips.
Vigorous ground covers for shady areas, periwinkles usually flower lavender-blue, but white and purple forms also exist. Plant in shady areas where nothing else will grow. Use on rough slopes or to cover unused areas, but take care, because periwinkle can be invasive. Use forms with trailing, variegated foliage in hanging baskets and planter boxes. Also called myrtle, the perennial periwinkles are sometimes confused with the annual Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus. Sold in cell packs throughout the growing season.
These summer-blooming shrubs and small trees grow best in hot, Mediterranean climates. Plants languish without summer heat. Die back to the ground in Northern winters, but quickly recover. Tiny, bluish or white flowers bloom in dense spikes. Drought-tolerant, they look their best with some summer water. Need well drained soil. ~~Start by seed or cuttings. Prune winter-killed branches in spring before new growth begins.
This large group of deciduous shrubs is valued for their massive display of late-spring, tubular-shaped flowers. The most common species is the Old-Fashioned Weigela, though several hundred cultivars and hybrids are available. Prune to encourage compact growth and prevent legginess. Blossoms are borne on 1-year-old branches, so prune heavily during or just after flowering to encourage next yearÆs blossoms. Unattractive when blooms are gone.
One of the milestones of spring is the sight of these old-fashioned favorite, climbing vines trailing over porches, arbors and among the branches of tall trees. Their masses of long, hanging clusters of fragrant flowers on vines up to 40 ft. (12 m)-long are well-worth stopping for. Vigorous and long-lived, these woody plants are also trained up and over trellises, along walls or pruned into small, tree-like shapes. All parts of the plant are poisonous, including flowers and seeds. The most fragrant of the many types of Wisteria is W. floribunda, Japanese Wisteria. Start by seed and grafting from select plants. ~~Remove suckers that sprout from base of plants. ~~Ill-timed spring freezes can damage or destroy flower buds.
For fast growth, this single hybrid outstrips most. It reaches 20 ft. (6 m) in only 5 years, changing from a column to a narrow pyramid. Where summers are warm or hot, trees grow broader. Used as a tall hedge or screen, it's also planted in groves. Thrives in most soils and climates. Tolerates strong winds.
Of this group and its hybrids, only one species is grown, X. congestum. Grow this shrub for its bronze-colored foliage that matures into glossy oval yellowish green leaves. Use as a hedge, screen or background plant, or train into a 15- to 30 ft. (4.5 to 9 m) tree. Can be grown in containers. Sheds many leaves in April. Once established, somewhat drought- and heat-tolerant. Looks best with deep summer water in dry climates. Frost destroys foliage. Stake main stems for height. Alkaline soil may cause chlorosis.
These tall vase-shaped trees resist Dutch elm disease, so they're good substitutes for American Elms (Ulmus). Saw-toothed foliage turns color in fall, and looks similar to leaves on their American relatives. Use as shade, lawn or specimen trees. Water deeply. Prune to remove deadwood. Tolerate air pollution and soil compaction.
These are valued for their striking light green, downy, rounded leaves and airy clusters of small, star-like, yellow-green flowers. Easy-to-grow, these 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) perennials are best in partial shade with moist, well-drained soil. Excellent foliage plant in borders, rock gardens and woodland gardens. Excellent cut flowers. ~~Self-sows, or start by seed or division.
Their early blooming daisy- or poppy-like flowers and fern-y foliage are a mainstay of the spring garden. Plant the hardy Windflower (Anemone blanda) in woodland gardens or rock gardens, or naturalize beneath other early flowering trees, shrubs or bulbs. Use the taller, less hardy Poppy-Flowered Anemone (Anemone coronaria) for bedding, containers or forcing into winter bloom indoors. The perennial Snowdrop Anemone (Anemone sylvestris) is a vigorous spreader and therefore good in loose soils, and is an excellent cut flower. ~~Plant in fall where hardy or in spring in northern climates. Soak tubers before planting to speed growth.
These small perennials are excellent for rock gardens and for spilling over rocky walls. Also used as edging or in pattern planting. Their dense mats of evergreen leaves become completely covered by a mass of spring flowers. Small blooms are white or purple. All need well-drained, sandy or rocky soils.~~They are easy to grow. Start by cuttings, division and seed. Cut back after flowering to prevent splayed growth.
A ginger-like scent comes from these 7 to 10 in. (17.5 to 25 cm) perennials when their lush, heart-shaped leaves or spreading roots are cut or bruised. Flowers bloom in spring. Wild ginger makes an ideal ground cover in woodland gardens in partial shade with rich, moist, cool soils. Start by seed or divide the underground roots. Protect from slugs and snails.
One of the few landscape shrubs that thrive without direct light, Aucuba enlivens shady areas near buildings with its shiny, dark green leaves. Under dense trees, its roots compete successfully with other roots. It also tolerates pollution and performs well in containers. Several variegated cultivars add a touch of brightness to dark locations. If planted near a male plant, female plants produce scarlet berries from fall into spring, though they are often hidden by the leaves. Flowers are brown and insignificant. ~~ Water during growing/blooming season, but don't make soil too soggy. Prune in late winter or spring to restrict growth.
Their delicate flowers are like forget-me-nots, and add small splashes of blue to the cool shade while their spreading, deep green, heart-shaped leaves add texture and fullness. Best in moist shady locations such as woodland gardens, along stream banks or borders, but tolerates drier soils. Excellent for the shady city garden. Self-sows. Difficult to start by seed. Divide in fall.
With more than 300 species of annuals, biennials and perennials, these are one of the most popular garden perennials. They range from diminutive, mounding rock garden plants to 6 ft. (2 m) spikes of color. Their showy bell-shaped flowers are commonly found in clear whites, cool blues, rich violets and lavenders, and occasionally in soft pink. Use short mounding species in rock gardens and containers, the taller species in perennial borders and for cut flowers. Many species thrive in full sun or partial shade, but most need partial shade in hot-season climates. Pest problems are rare. Mulch against summer heat. Remove faded flowers to prolong bloom. Water during growing and blooming season.
This ground cover forms dense carpets of hairy, gray leaves smothered by clusters of bright white flowers for several weeks in late spring. Snow-in-summer cascades over walls out of containers or fills in between low shrubs or stepping stones. Easy-to-grow where summers are cool, but rots in hot, humid areas. Wind-resistant, they tolerate mild and cold climates, seaside or desert areas. Shorter-lived than other ground covers, they need little water once established, but water regularly for fast growth. The creeping plant, C. bierbersteinii, has larger leaves and flowers than the more common species, C. tomentosum. Sold in small containers. Shear faded flower clusters. Divide in fall or early spring.
Intensely blue, phlox-shaped flowers bloom from mid-summer to late fall, followed by colorful fall foliage. Use in borders, or in sun or partial shade in well-drained soil. For a similar plant, see plumbago. Start by cuttings or division.
These sun-loving flowers have been garden favorites for centuries. They bloom in summer and fall in all colors except blue, and flowers range from the immense, showy floristsÆ chrysanthemum to button-sized. The foliage has divided leaves with a strong scent. Use in borders or containers for cut flowers. Some chrysanthemums are referred to by the common name 'daisy', and 'mums' refers to the fall-blooming hybrids sold in florists' shops. There are many other types as well, including annuals, perennials and subshrubs. Some of these arenÆt called chrysanthemums because the genus has been divided and renamed, so ask at your local nursery. Shallow-rooted, they need moist soil and regular fertilizing. Pinch tips until mid-summer or when flowering begins. Divide plants in spring, discarding the woody parts. Cut back regularly to promote bloom. Leafminer causes unsightly squiggly lines on older leaves. Consult your nursery for controls.
Cytisus is a showy, fast-growing but short-lived shrub that is covered by flowers in spring and early summer. Deciduous in four-season climates, it is evergreen in mild climates. The green stems are ornamental when leaves are gone. Scores of cultivars with a wide variety of flower colors are available. Cut flowers last up to six days. Only container-grown plants can be transplanted, though plant spreads by vigorous seedlings. Plant in well-drained sandy soil. Prune to shape and remove deadwood.
Cool-weather annuals, biennials, or perennials, their many fringed flowers look as if they were trimmed with pinking shears, winning them their common name. Sweetly clove-scented flowers have a velvety or satiny sheen. Colors include pink, rose, red, purple and white in pure or bicolor flowers with distinctively marked eyes or frosting. China pinks (D. chinensis) and sweet williams (D. barbatus) are grown as low-growing annuals for edging, mass plantings, and in containers. Perennials include single- and double-flowered hybrids. Weak-stemmed Florist Carnations (D. caryophyllus), grown outdoors only in mild winter areas, arenÆt the best garden plants. Use pinks in borders and rock gardens. Smaller types make excellent ground covers, and are good in containers. All make exceptional cut flowers. ~~Most need alkaline soils and cool growing conditions without heat and humidity. Some heat-tolerant varieties are available. In hot summer areas, plant in partial afternoon shade. Cut back or shear after flowering for repeat bloom. Perennials should be restarted frequently by cuttings from disease-free plants in spring or fall, or they die out.
The summer-blooming clusters of white, blue or violet flowers on this glossy evergreen shrub attract butterflies. Flowers are followed by yellow, berry-like fruit along stems. Fast-growing, use as a tall screen or grow in containers. Thrives in full sun and hot summers, but needs constant water. ~~Start from seed or cuttings in spring. Prune to control growth.
A large group of shrubs or ground covers, these evergreens have small, needle-like leaves and many small, brightly-colored flowers that attract bees. Good on slopes, in rock gardens or containers. Also found in Shakespeare gardens. Use taller types as screens. Members of the Heather family, the most cold-tolerant types come from northern and western Europe. A native Mediterranean type tolerates some cold, while South African varieties donÆt like frost at all. Garden artists plant several ground cover types to create a colorful carpet.~~Need excellent drainage and most like acid soil. Where air is moist, plant in full sun. Elsewhere, give partial shade. Prune branches that have flowered. Protect plants from winds and water during dry periods.
Grown for their showy, usually fragrant flowers, these annuals and perennials are very drought-tolerant and live longer when grown in lean, rocky soils. Many are naturally found on rock walls or barren slopes. They require sun and well-drained soils. Start by seed or cuttings. Remove old flower stalks to encourage new blossoms. Flower colors are typically yellow or orange, but pinkish purples are commonly available.
Brush Cherries are widely planted in warm climates for their shiny evergreen leaves with bronzy, purple or red tints and showy fruit. They are best used as shrubs, hedges, topiary or small trees. The bronzy red coloring of new spring foliage turns deeper green in summer, though some varieties keep their rich foliage color all year. Small, white, fragrant flowers become edible fruit, which can be messy if unpicked. The heat-loving Surinam Cherry (E. uniflora) is a slow-growing shrub that grows as wide as it is tall. The fast-growing Australian Brush Cherry (E. myrtifolia, also sold as Syzygium paniculatum) tolerates light frosts. ItÆs also available in slow-growing, 4 to 6 ft. (1.25 to 2 m) dwarf varieties. DonÆt plant near sidewalks. Shear hedges frequently.
Near the coast and where winters are mild, these bright yellow, daisy-like flowers bloom almost non-stop. The shrubby, evergreen plants have fern-like leaves in silvery gray or bright green. Need excellent drainage. Drought-tolerant when established, but need some water during hot periods. Cut back older plants to encourage new growth after flowering in late spring. Cut off old flowers to encourage more blooms. Dwarf varieties to 3 ft. (90 cm) tall are available.
Some of these herbs and perennials are grown in rock gardens, while others do best in shady woodland locations. Crushed, the whorled leaves and arching or prostrate stems smell like new-mown hay, which is how they got their name. The many dainty, late spring and summer blooms are usually white, but can be yellow or maroon. Use as edging or a ground cover. Start by seed or division in fall or spring. Self-sows.
Native to South Africa, they produce an ongoing display of bright yellow flowers from spring through fall. An evergreen shrub in mild winter climates, it can be grown as a summer annual in all areas. Very tolerant of heat, cold, drought and poor soils. Easily started by seed.
Unmatched for the sweet, intoxicating fragrance of their creamy white flowers, these are favorite evergreen shrubs in mild regions and a popular houseplant elsewhere. Many varieties are available, including æRadicans Variegata,Æ with white-variegated leaves; and æMystery,Æ an extra-large, double-flowered selection. ~~Excellent as container plants, shrub borders, foundation planting, informal hedges and espaliers. Houseplants often bloom in winter if grown in a warm, sunny spot. Good companions for Azaleas and Rhododendrons, they flower best where summers are warm with partial shade from hot afternoon sun. Need ample water and well-drained, humus-rich soil. Feed regularly with acid fertilizer. If the glossy green leaves become yellow, treat with iron sulfate or iron chelate. Watch for aphids and scale. Mulch around shallow roots. ~~Prune only weak or unattractive branches.
Dazzling, colorfully marked, daisylike flowers bloom on both clumping and trailing gazanias. Peak bloom is late spring and early summer, but in mild climates they flower at various times year-round. On clumping types, 3- to 4-in. (7.5 to 10 cm)-wide, bicolor flowers rise from evergreen mounds. These close at night and on cloudy days. Use these as fire-retardant ground covers, as edging and in rock gardens. Trailing types are similar, but their long, spreading stems are good for hanging baskets or cascading over walls and banks. Both are heat-loving and easy to grow. Need well-drained soil, and, once established, only twice-a-month watering.~~Start seed indoors 4 to 6 weeks before last frost is due, or start from cuttings taken in summer. Divide every 3 to 4 years. In wet soils, watch for mold.
Less invasive than other Brooms (such as its cousin Cytisus), these sun-loving, drought-tolerant, deciduous shrubs come in various heights. They bloom in white, yellow and gold. Seed pods follow. The short-lived leaves give way to green or gray-green branches. Not particular about soil as long as it is well-drained. Use smaller types in rock gardens or on banks. Several types were once used in dyes. The twigs, attached to long sticks, were used for sweeping.~~Start by seeds soaked in hot water overnight or by cuttings. Plant in sheltered places in colder climates. DonÆt like transplanting.
Popular, hardy geraniums have multitudes of long-blooming, intensely colored flowers and dense mounds of lobed leaves. Excellent border, rock garden or woodland plants. The common name of cranesbill refers to the beaklike fruit. See pelargonium for the showier indoor/outdoor plants most commonly known as geraniums. Most thrive in full or partial sun, and plants often remain evergreen. Protect plants in warmer climates from hot afternoon sun. Most are grown by seed or division.
Large clusters of tiny flowers form misty clouds above branches with small rosettes of leaves. Easy to grow, BabyÆs Breath makes excellent cut flowers and is available with single or double, white or pink flowers. Best in cool, summer climates and full sun. Use in rock gardens or trailing over the top of dry rock walls.~~Start by seed or cuttings. DoesnÆt transplant easily. Protect from gophers, slugs and snails. For rebloom, cut back flowering stems of perennial types before seed clusters form.
Short-lived, 5-petaled flowers of yellow, rose, red, white or purple with yellow or orange centers bloom on this trailing, evergreen ground cover. Flowers open from early summer to mid-summer. Earlier-blooming types have larger flowers than late-bloomers. Small leaves are hairy and soft. Use this vigorous Mediterranean native in rock gardens in full sun and dry soil.~~Best from cuttings, though also started by division and seed. Trim after first bloom to encourage heavy autumn flowering. Protect from harsh winter temperatures.
These are the most dramatic and versatile of all foliage herb perennials. Their leaves are green to yellow to blue-green in color and range from finger-length to large frisbee in size. There are approximately 36 clump-forming species with more than 1000 cultivars and hybrids. Extremely hardy and long-lived, most thrive in shade. However, several varieties grow in full sun except in hot summer climates. Their roots compete against well-established plants. Easily transplanted and divided, hosta's only weaknesses are slugs and snails in mild winter climates.
These relatively tough and carefree 3- to 5-ft. (90 cm to 1.5 m)-tall, deciduous shrubs look great all year. They have bright golden-yellow flowers for 1 week in spring and graceful foliage in summer, and are yellow with light green, twiggy branches in winter. A few flowers bloom in summer and fall. Plant in masses in shrub borders, woodland and wild gardens. Varieties are available with single flowers and white-variegated leaves. Drought-tolerant once established, they do best in partial shade but tolerate full sun in cool climates. Cut branches in winter are excellent in flower arrangements. Remove old shoots and branches to shape. Overfertilization causes excessive growth and few flowers.
An old-favorite shrub with upright, arching branches that are covered in spring with showy clusters of bell-shaped flowers. Extending the plantÆs colorful season, flowers give way to pinkish-brown fruit.~~To promote new growth and next yearÆs blossoms, remove older woody stems each year immediately after flowering.
Grown for its attractive variegated foliage and vigorous spreading ability, the several Yellow Archangels vary slightly in their vigor and coloration. Attractive spilling out of containers or as a ground cover, their silvery leaves brighten dark or shady places. Whorls of yellow flowers appear in early summer. Shear back when plants look ragged.
Used in soaps, perfumes, sachets, and even fine varnishes, lavender has been popular for centuries. Its strong fragrance makes it good for scented crafts. The spiky flowers are usually purple or lavender, but there are white and pink forms. Grown in herb or Mediterranean-style gardens as hedges or edging, these gray-green shrubs need little care or water. Good companion plant to cistus, helianthemum, nepeta, santolina, and others that grow in similar conditions. Shear back flower stalks when blooms die. Where lavenders donÆt overwinter, grow them in containers that can be brought indoors during the cold period. Because they seed themselves freely and cross-breed with other plants, new varieties appear often.
This hollyhock relative includes both annuals (L. trimestris) and several evergreen shrubs. All are easy to grow and become tall fast. Some, like L. assurgentiflora, can reach 10 ft. (3 m) the first year and provide quick, colorful screening.~~Like other fast-growers though, they tend toward rank, weedy growth if not cut back.
Under semi-shady trees, these native, deciduous or evergreen shrubs add brightness with hanging clusters of flowers. The white to pink, urn-shaped flowers sit beneath glossy 7 in. (17.5 cm) leaves. Plant in masses to best display their bronze- or burgundy-tinted winter foliage. Stays small, so good for covering a house foundation. Leaves and nectar are poisonous. Use also in borders, in the front of evergreen plantings or in water gardens. Likes acid, moist soil, but tolerates drought once established. Branches of blooms make good cut flowers.~~Start seeds indoors, and transplant seedlings after weather has warmed, or by division or cuttings. Remove old branches to maintain vigorous growth. Protect from harsh cold.
Some of these flowering perennials are low ground covers, which are also good in hanging pots. Others make fine cut flowers. All enjoy moist places near ponds or streams. One type, the easy-to-grow, invasive loosestrife (L. punctata), is more manageable in harsh northern climates or in the dry western US. Cold or drought prevents this ground cover from becoming weedy. Buy in containers and divide for new plants.
These tropical evergreen or deciduous, twining vines have showy flowers and a milky sap. Plant these generous long-bloomers outdoors in warm climates only. Fast-growing, they need a trellis or other support, though some are trained to grow in hanging baskets and tubs.~~Start by cuttings. Plant in site protected from summer sun. Pinch to growth to encourage bushiness. Watch for spider mites.
No cat-lover should be without some form of nepeta in the garden. Cats love to smell, eat, and flop down on top of the Catnip and Catmint varieties, so protect plants with wire cages or a teepee of stakes. Dried leaves can be used as feline treats or as tea. Members of themint family, nepetas are hardy spreaders that make good ground covers. All have gray-green foliage and small flowers of white, purple, or yellow. Plants prefer full sun and can tolerate infrequent watering. Find them in the herb or perennial section of your nursery.
Popular, but poisonous, pollution-, salt- and drought-tolerant Oleanders are used as hedges, windbreaks and freeway plants in desert and hot inland areas. Evergreen and deer-resistant, they need little care and grow rapidly. These 10 ft. (3 m) by 10 ft. (3 m) shrubs have narrow, leathery leaves that are usually dark green, but one type has gold markings. Some have fragrant blossoms, and single- and double-flowering types, as well as dwarf shrubs are available. Also grown in containers. All parts of plants are poisonous to humans and animals, including smoke from burning branches and vase water from cut arrangements. Even contact with the leaves can irritate skin.~~Start by cuttings, which root in a glass of water, or buy plants in containers. Remove growing tips to promote branching. Prune after flowering to shape. Cut old growth close to the ground. Watch for yellow oleander aphids, mealy bugs and scale.
The two types of peonies are garden favorites for their large, showy flowers. Each type offers many varieties and flower color. The so-called tree peony is really a deciduous shrub, with flowers up to 1 ft. (30 cm) across. Single, semi-double, and double, silky-petaled blooms are white, pink, lavender, purple, yellow, and bicolor. Bloom best in cold climates. Choose the planting location carefully since they live a long time and dislike being moved. Hardy in cold, they prefer full sun or partial sun in zones 8 and 9. The second type, the herbaceous peony, grows in clumps from thick roots. They make great 2 to 4 ft. (60 cm to 1.25 m) borders and are quite long lived. Herbaceous peonies need more chill in the winter chill to bring out spectacular bloom. Choose seedlings in bloom to be sure what you are getting. Sold bareroot in winter or in containers year-round.~~~~Plant grafted tree peonies 6 to 12 in. (15 to 30 cm) above the bud union. Plant herbaceous tubers just 2 in. (5 cm) deep or they wonÆt bloom. Plant in soil deep enough -- 1 to 1.5 ft. (30 to 45 cm) to allow the roots room to grow down.
These delightful plants range from creeping shade-lovers to tall, sun-loving, easy-to-cut, flower border mainstays. All have dense clusters of blooms. Deadhead and thin to discourage mildew. Almost all are American natives--the most well-known is tall phlox (P. paniculata). Many others are gaining popularity as gardeners use more natives. Available in containers. Check native plant catalogs for unusual varieties.
Grown for their long-blooming flowers and rapid growth, these tropical, climbing, semi-evergreen shrubs and vines trail and drape themselves over fences, banks and warm walls. They can climb 12- to 20-ft. (3.75 to 6 m)-long where supported by a trellis or fence. Where winters are long and frosty, shrub grows to only 2 ft. (60 cm) Primrose-like flowers range from white to blue, blooming for most of the year. Like full sun, though it bleaches flower color. Need little water once established.~~Buy plants in bloom to check flower color, or start from cuttings, division or seed. Prune out old or damaged growth in spring.
Bred to have perfect, exquisitely-formed buds and long cuttable stems, the base of the plants tends to be bare and have somewhat angular top growth. Because of their pruning and maintenance requirements, and for easy viewing, many gardeners grow them in formal "rose beds." TheyÆre also grown in natural- or casual-style gardens. While leaving them accessible for pruning and care, mix them with other shrubs and perennials to hide their awkward shapes. Easy to find: nurseries, hardware stores and some grocery stores sell them in spring.
Much-loved aromatic plants, the perennial and shrubby sages are grown for their huge variety of flower colors and their long bloom. Colors include bright red, true blue, white, orange, purple, lavender and pink. These plants attract butterflies and hummingbirds. The dried leaves of many types are used as cooking spices. Species come from many places in the world, so care needs vary widely--some prefer heat, sun and dry conditions, while others need shade and moist conditions. All benefit from shearing or deadheading. Sold in containers throughout the growing season. Check specialty and mail order nurseries for a large selection of lesser-known varieties.
Australian natives grown for their fan-shaped flowers of lavender, ~~mauve or white. Bloom almost continuously in mild climates. The varieties available in the US are cascading and good for hanging baskets, or ground covers good for rock gardens. ~~Prefer full sun and good drainage. Somewhat drought-tolerant once established. Feed iron sulfate to deepen flower color. Has no particular susceptibility to pests. Available in containers throughout the growing season.
Highly diverse, drought-tolerant annuals and perennials, stonecrops range from tiny, hardy, rock garden succulents to 2-ft. (60 cm)-tall perennials. Smaller types are prized for their unusual foliage, and are grown where texture is needed or in pot and dish gardens. The larger types are shrub-like, and good in borders or containers, but watch out, because plants are easily crushed. Mostly evergreen and generally low-maintenance, varieties come from all over the world, so care needs vary widely. Prefer full sun in zones 4 to 6 and part shade in zones 7 to 10. ~~Sold in containers or cell packs in the spring.
The most popular of Betonies is gray, fuzzy lambÆs ears. Low-growing in clumps, it contrasts well with tall, greener plants in edging and borders. Will grow without much water, but rain and frost can damage the leaves. Lesser-known betonies include S. grandiflora with heart-shaped, green leaves and white, pink or purple flowers, and S. coccinea with gray 1-in. (2.5 cm)-long leaves and whorls of orange flowers. Sold in containers throughout the growing season.
Ease-of-care, drought tolerance, and a long blooming season make perennial verbenas a favorite in areas with plenty of sun and heat. In warm climates, they spread and naturalize. Cold climate gardeners grow them as annuals. Most flowers are purple, but they also come in red, white, pink and lavender. Plant in parking strips, along sides of driveways, in rock crevices and on dry banks and walls. Set 2 ft. (60 cm) apart for ground cover, as verbena spreads quickly. Sold in cell packs or larger containers throughout the growing season.
The fragrance and colorful flowers of violets and pansies have inspired songs, poems and perfumes. They offer masses of winter-to-spring color in mild weather zones, spring-to-summer color where itÆs cooler. Easy-to-grow, partial shade and regular watering is all they require. Good edging or woodland plants. Can display in pots and boxes. ~~Some varieties propagate themselves by spreading underground or by seeding themselves. If you are growing violets for fragrance, buy them in bloom since some varieties have little or no scent. Watch for spider mites in sweet violets.
One of the hardiest, least-demanding perennials for hot and dry locations, AchilleaÆs flattish flower clusters bloom generously in many colors and provide excellent cut and dried flowers. Fire retardant and somewhat drought-tolerant once established they need full sun, but tolerate most soils with good drainage. Their gray-green leaves are aromatic. DonÆt over-water or over-fertilize, as plants grow weak stems that make poor dried flowers. Deadhead to encourage further bloom. Start from seed or division.
Tall, showy stalks of helmet-shaped flowers rise above the palm-like foliage. Flowers come in blue, purpleH, white or yellow. These poisonous plants grow best in rich, moist, cool soils with some shade during the warmest time of day. Japanese Anemone, Astilbe, Campanula and ferns make excellent companion plants. ~~Cut back stalks after first blooms for another flowering. Stake tall plants. Start by seed for second- or third- year bloom. They donÆt like being moved and are difficult to start by division.
Adaptable and easy to care for, these natives of southern Africa have long-stalked clusters of blue or white flowers and glossy, strap-like leaves. Excellent cut flowers. Grow outdoors in mild climates or indoors in pots in colder regions. Plant in large masses, drifts or near pools. Drought-tolerant once established, but for best blooms give plenty of moisture. In hot summer areas, plant in partial sun. Like loamy earth, but tolerate dense soils.~~Divide every 5 to 6 years, when plants become crowded and flowering decreases.
Easy-to-grow, edible members of this diverse family include onions, garlic, shallots, leeks, green onions and chives.~~Leaves grow best in cool weather and moist soil. Mature onions, garlic and shallots form bulbs in summer. Feed early in growing season with low nitrogen, high potassium and phosphorus fertilizers. Slower grown from seed, but you'll get a larger crop and more varieties to choose from. Easiest to grow from small bulbs called sets. In mild winter areas, plant in fall. Elsewhere, plant in earliest spring. Store garlic bulbs and onions in a cool, dry, airy place out of direct light.
There are three types of anemones -- autumn-blooming, spring-flowering and one for rock gardens. All have cup-shaped, single and double blossoms of many colors. These flowers are a mainstay of the spring garden. Excellent cut flower. The popular Japanese anemones flower in fall in borders and naturalized in clumps. Use the taller, less hardy, spring-flowering types for bedding, containers or forcing into winter bloom indoors. The woodland and rock garden types will also naturalize beneath other early flowering trees, shrubs or bulbs. Plant in fall where hardy, or in spring in northern climates. Protect from wind and afternoon sun. Don't disturb roots, except to divide, as larger plants have larger flower. Water in dry summers. Roots rot in soggy soil, so mulch after ground has frozen.
The grasslike leaves of these summer-blooming perennials form spreading tufts of foliage. The sturdy flowering stems end in ball-shaped clusters of tiny flowers. Good in rock gardens, edging and borders.~~Start by seed or division in well-drained soil. They rot in wet or rich soils. Remove old flowers to prolong bloom. Protect from afternoon sun in warmer climates. Fertilize once a year.
Offering masses of daisy-like blooms, use plants from this large, diverse group for formal borders, and rock and natural gardens. The low-growing alpine aster blooms in spring. More common types are hybrids of New York aster, which bloom in late summer and fall when many perennials are finished. Best in full sun, but require partial shade in hot southern climates. Feed sparingly to avoid lush growth susceptible to mildew and diseases. All Aster frikartii varieties are somewhat resistant to mildew. Plant in well-drained soil to avoid root rot. For bushier plants with more flowers where growing season is long, pinch back in spring when shoots are 6 in. (15 cm) and later in early summer. Divide plants at least every other year before flowering decreases and inner shoots of clumps lose vigor. Replant only healthy outer divisions.
The finely divided foliage and showy flower plumes make them one of the best perennials for shady locations. The many varieties bloom in colors from soft white to clear pink and intense red. Flowers and leaves make excellent cut flowers and foliage. Good in pots and tubs, they are also grown near pools. In shade gardens, grow with columbine, meadow rue or plantain lily. Tolerate full sun in cool summer climates with abundant moisture. In these areas, combine with peonies, delphiniums and iris. Cut back flower stalks after flowering. Divide rootstock every 3 to 4 years, as plants are beginning to grow in spring. Always keep soil moist.
Generally easy to grow, Europe, Asia and the Americas each has its own species of Athyrium ferns. The Lady Fern and Japanese Painted Fern are commonly found in nurseries, though fern specialists sell other varieties. Evergreen in mild climates, fronds turn brown after a few winters. These dead leaves shelter new growth in spring and act as mulch. ~~Deciduous, so purchase during the growing season so you can see what you are getting. Divide old ferns in early spring for new plants.
Grown as annuals, perennials and bulbs, Begonias are valued for their bright, colorful, waxy flowers. Annual varieties--wax, fibrous or bedding begonias--are low-growing and bloom continually. Covered with small white, red, or pink flowers with green or bronzy red foliage, use as edging and in masses, window boxes and containers. Wax begonias can take full sun, but do best in partial shade in hot summer areas. Bring indoors in the fall as a house plant. A hardy species, Begonia grandis, thrives in partial shade. Tuberous begonias are not as profuse as the wax types, but their blooms are larger. Flowers resemble camellias, roses, carnations, poppies or daffodils. They come in pink, apricot, yellow, orange or white, with single, double, ruffled, bicolor, crested and fringed petals. To add bright color in shade, place them in containers or bedding. Use pendulous forms in hanging baskets. All types need moisture, so don't let soil dry out. Avoid wetting foliage, and provide good air circulation to prevent leaf mildew. Watch for aphids, spider mites, scale, slugs, snails and whiteflies. Lift tubers in fall and store.
Heat- and sun-loving plants, CannaÆs brightly colored spikes of flowers and bold banana plant-like leaves create a dramatic, tropical effect. Varieties range from very dwarf --18 to 20 in. (45 to 50 cm) -- to tall -- over 48 in. (120 cm) -- plants, with red, yellow, orange, apricot, salmon, white, bicolor, spotted and streaked flowers. Use dwarf cannas as bedding plants or in large containers as accents. Use leaves in flower arrangements, though cut flowers donÆt last.~~Plant rhizomes after soil has warmed. Best in rich soils with plenty of moisture. Some varieties are grown in water or very wet soils. In zones 7 and colder, dig up rhizomes in fall and store them in a moist, frost-free place.
Peppers come in a myriad of different shapes, sizes, colors and flavors. The sweet peppers, such as the Bell, are excellent for salads, hors dÆoeuvres, stuffing and stir-fry dishes. The kick of other peppers ranges from the mild, green Cayenne used in chili rellenos, to searing hot, like the red, fully matured Cayenne pod or the Tabasco type. Pimento types are found in the middle of olives and in cheeses. Plants need warm temperatures. In cool summer areas, plant against south- or west-facing walls and mulch with black plastic. Harvest sweet peppers green when they stop enlarging, or leave them to mellow their flavor and ripen to red, yellow or orange. Harvest hot peppers when theyÆre yellow or red. Pick Jalape±os green. Pests and diseases are seldom a problem.
Vividly colored plumed and crested flower heads make these whimsical curiosities and bold garden accents. Plume types produce feathery, upright flower heads like ostrich plumes. Crested types resemble rooster combs. Flowers come in scarlet, yellow, pink rose, apricot orange, purple, salmon and cream. Long-lasting and effective when planted in masses or with other brightly colored flowers. Dwarf varieties are suitable for containers or edging. Excellent cut or dried flowers. Tall varieties are best as background plants and may require staking. Sow seed or transplant seedlings only when soil is warm. Huge flower heads develop best in rich soil with some fertilizer, but grow well in poor soils.
One of the easiest vegetables to grow, Squash are rich in vitamin C and are delicious when steamed, stuffed, grilled, baked or stir-fried. These sun lovers can't survive frost, but do well in most other climates and soils. Varieties include Acorn, Butternut and Spaghetti Squash. Grow on vines. In small spaces or containers, plant bush or dwarf types. Where vines need 2 to 3 ft. (60 to 90 cm) of space, bush types need about 1 sq. ft. per plant. Vines can be trained on a trellis or over fences. Generally, 2 to 3 bushes or 4 to 6 vines produce enough Squash for four people. Transplant 2 to 3 seedlings or sow seed in hills after soil has warmed in spring. Give plenty of water, especially plants in containers. Avoid overhead watering to discourage mildew, or plant resistant varieties. Harvest in fall when skins are hard and resist scratching by a thumbnail. From seed, they are ready for harvest in 85 to 100 days. Store with or without refrigeration.
Diverse and versatile, dahlias are prized for their large, often spectacularly colored and shaped blooms. Flowers fall into 11 categories, including anemone, pompom, decorative, cactus, peony, waterlily and star-shaped. They range from 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) to more than 7 or 8 in. (17.5 or 20 cm) across and come in most colors except blue. Dwarf, intermediate and tall plants range from 8 in. to 4.5 ft. (20 cm to 1.25 m) tall. Easy to grow, they bloom best in full sun but tolerate some shade. Excellent cut flowers.~~Traditionally grown from tubers, some start from seed and are grown as short annuals. Plant tubers in early spring, and seed-grown plants after last frost. For large flowers, plant in rich soil and give plenty of water. Pinch tall-growing plants at 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) to encourage branching and flowers. For larger flowers, donÆt pinch center stem, but remove buds from side shoots. Except in zones 10 and 11, dig up and store tubers in fall. Although relatively pest-free, they are susceptible to viruses, aphids, Japanese beetles, thrips, earwigs and nematodes. Healthy stock plants, good air circulation, and proper spacing greatly reduce problems.
Tall and stately, their flowering spikes are dramatic accents in perennial borders that make excellent cut flowers. Blooms single or double, solid or bicolor, with a contrasting white or black center often called a "bee." Tall, 4 to 6 ft. (1.25 to 2 m), varieties include the æBlackmore,Æ æLangdonÆ and æPacificÆ hybrid seed strains. The intermediate hybrids are 3 to 4 ft. (90 cm to 1.25 m) tall with multiple flower spikes. Deadhead to produce new flower spikes. Use lower, 2 to 4 ft. (60 cm to 1.25 m) varieties, such as the Connecticut Yankees, in small gardens.~~Plants are perennial in cool summer climates, but grown as annuals or biennials, especially where summers are hot. Plant seedlings in early spring, late summer and early fall. Summer and fall plantings flower in spring. Seedlings started in spring may not bloom until the next year. For large flower spikes, give rich, well-drained soil and regular feeding. Stake tall plants and protect from strong winds. Watch for crown rot.
Used in both medicine and poisons, these easy-to-grow biennials and perennials have tall spires of tubular flowers, fancied to have the shape of fingers of a glove (the Latin word for finger is digitus). The gray leaves grow at the bottom of the stalk below the flowers. They attract hummingbirds. Excellent for mixed flower borders. Self-sows if old flowers are left until seeds mature and scatter. Sow seed or divide in spring. They are available in cell packs, 4 in. (10 cm) and gallon-sized containers in fall and spring. After first bloom, cut main stem so side shoots develop which keep blooming. Watch for slugs and snails.
This popular, summer-blooming North American native has large, daisy-like flowers with raised, cone-shaped centers which rise in stiff masses on stout, 3 to 5 ft. (90 cm to 1.5 m), hairy stems. The short-lived, but long-blooming flowers attract butterflies, make excellent cut flowers and range in color from purple, to rose, to pink, to white. The dried, chopped underground roots are used in herbal remedies to stimulate the immune system. ~~Start by seed or division. In eastern states, watch for Japanese Beetles.
One of the most popular flowering bulbs, their tall, magnificent spikes of flowers are excellent when cut. You can also buy hardy, small-flowered dwarf types for smaller spaces. Spikes are available in many colors and can have more than 20 ruffled and flaring flowers in solids and bicolors. Plant in groups for masses of color, or in containers. Grow low, mounding plants to cover shorter stems.~~In cold winter climates, dig up and store bulbs in a frost free location. Plant after frost in spring at least 4 in. (10 cm) deep. In mild winter areas, plant fall through spring. When cutting flowers, leave at least 4 leaves on the plant to ensure next yearÆs flowers.
One of the most diverse groups of perennials with more than 34,000 cultivars and selections available in the United States. Single or double flowers of almost every color appear in succession through the summer, each fading after 1 day. Easy-to-grow, heat- and drought-tolerant. Plant in dry or water gardens, containers, or mass on slopes. Remove old flowers daily to prolong bloom. Overfertilizing will produce more foliage than blooms. Generally pest-resistant, in mild climates protect against slugs and snails. Propagate by division.~~New cultivars are regularly being introduced that feature dwarf height, intense flower color, vigorous growth, and/or extended blooming season. There are deciduous and evergreen types. The flower buds of some species are eaten in Japan and China.
A tropical native with large showy blooms, amaryllis can only be grown outdoors in zones 9 to 11. Elsewhere, grown indoors or in greenhouses for winter bloom, they put on a magical display of fast growth, climaxing in a tremendous bouquet of lily-like flowers on a single stalk. Leaves may appear with bloom or after. Flowers come in red, pink, white, salmon and near-orange, and some are marked or striped.
For sweet spring fragrance, a gardener's thoughts turn to hyacinths. Hardy bulbs, flower clusters bloom in a variety of colors. Plant them with other spring bulbs and grow them in containers outdoors or indoors. You can force bulbs to bloom in winter by starting them indoors. In cold winter climates, plant in early fall; in warmer areas plant mid-fall to early winter. Prevent bulb rot with excellent drainage and no fertilizer. Protect emerging plants from late spring frosts with mulch, hay, or other covering. Bulbs grown for a second year will not flower as well. In warmer climates, hyacinths may not receive enough cold chilling and should be discarded and replanted with new bulbs.
One of the easiest types of Iris to grow, the Siberian Iris has narrow, dark green upright foliage and 2 to 5 flowers per stem. The clumps increase quickly to form substantial tufts, which rarely need to be divided. One drawback: The foliage sometimes hides the slightly shorter flowers. Shear foliage back a little just before flowering time to expose them. ~~Buy bareroot plants in the winter or in containers in the spring. If buying bareroot, make sure the roots are moist, not dried out.
One of the most celebrated of flowers, lilies are an elegant and diverse group of plants spectacular in borders, woodland gardens, rock gardens and containers. Lily species and hybrids range in blooming times from spring through autumn. Hybrids are generally hardier and easier to grow. The most popular hybrids are: Asiatic, which flower upward; trumpet, whose name indicates the shape of their flowers; and Oriental, which come from Asian species. ~~~~Bulbs are sold in spring and fall. Planting depth varies by flower type and bulb size, so get instructions. Gophers love these bulbs. Watch for virus and mosaic transmitted by aphids, and destroy infected plants. Prune faded flowers, but cut stalks back only after stems and leaves turn yellow. Lilies never go completely dormant, so continue to water, but lightly. Divide in spring or fall. In areas with little winter frost, some lilies need yearly replanting. Or dig them up and refrigerate for a least 8 weeks.
Well-suited for flower gardens both wild and formal, they add height and vibrant purple or scarlet to the back of the flower border. Varieties grow in upright flowering spikes. The water-loving plants thrive along streams, ponds or other wet spots. In cool climates, grow in full sun. ~~Both perennial and annual types are easily grown from purchased or self-harvested seed and also come in containers in spring. Divide or replace plants after 3 years.
Few flowers rival their fanciful color selection, sweet fragrance and elegance in flower borders and wild gardens. Droplets of water on the palmlike leaves look like clear beads on green velvet. The Russell hybrids are best known. Shrubby types include the yellow-flowered L. arboreus. Prefer cool temperatures. Buy cell packs in fall, or grow from seeds, which require soaking in warm water overnight. Remove spent flower stalks. Protect from snails. Replace hybrid lupines yearly since they are not long-lived.
This bushy 2- to 4-ft. (60- cm to 1.25-m)-tall plant wears many hats--from tea herb to cut flower to bee, hummingbird and butterfly treat. Its 4-in. (10 cm)-long leavesÆ fragrance blends mint and basil. Northern and western gardeners have the greatest success with this moisture-lover. Southern, eastern, and midwestern gardeners must fight mildew. A vigorous spreader, bee balm (also known as horsemint and oswego tea) is well suited to the meadow garden. Cut back after flowering and divide every 2 to 3 years. Sold in containers during the growing season.
Valued for centuries for medicinal and culinary purposes, some Oreganos, or Marjorams, are now used decoratively in rock gardens. Leaves are used dried and fresh in a variety of cuisines, so no herb garden would be complete without them. Relatives of Mint, their clusters of leaves and small flowers of purple, pink or white offer a strong herbal scent. Compare the culinary types by rubbing the leaves and noting their aromas. This gives you some idea of how they taste. ~~Easily grown, most are drought-tolerant and thrive in all soils. Some types are short-lived. Sold in containers throughout the growing season.
Their graceful, wiry flower stalks topped with brightly colored, silky flowers brighten up even the coldest winter or spring day. Fragrant blooms on these easy-to-grow plants reach 2 to 4 in. (5 to 10 cm) wide. Planted as annuals in warm winter climates because they rarely last more than 3 years, Iceland poppies are actually perennials. They bloom in summer the first year from seed sown in autumn or early spring. When grown as perennials, let soil dry out as they go dormant in late summer. Plants need excellent winter drainage. Excellent cut flowers if done before flowers open and ends of stems are seared with flame. ~~Easy from seed. Deadhead spent flowers to lengthen bloom. Easier to transplant when dormant than other types of poppies, still can be difficult to re-establish.
The only widely-grown perennial poppy, the Oriental poppyÆs large, brightly colored flowers are truly astounding. Thin, satiny petals form cup-shaped single or double flowers up to 6 in. (15 cm) across. Gardeners in zones 2 through 7 are the lucky ones who can grow this tall beauty for use in borders and as cut flowers. In warmer climates the flowers donÆt open properly. These poppies have a relatively short bloom period, so fill the gap they leave with babyÆs breath (gypsophila) or other late-blooming, billowy perennials. Check out a new type called æMinicapÆ which has a much longer blooming season and better heat tolerance. ~~Sold in containers in fall or spring, they breed by root cuttings. Grown from seed, plants have slightly different characteristics from their parents. To use as cut flowers, sear the cut ends with a flame, then place in water.
Colorful beardtongues vary from small, rock-garden-sized plants to tall, floppy, shrublike plants. Tubular flowers of red, purple, pink, white, a rare yellow, and the much-sought-after blue attract hummingbirds. The 250 species, most native to western North AmericaÆs deserts, mountains, plains and forests, have been little-appreciated. Some varieties are easy to find locally. Purchase more unusual types at native plant nurseries. All like full sun and fast drainage. Plants usually live 3 to 4 years, but some species may die before if grown in too-rich or over watered soil. Many are easy from seed, while others are best bought in containers during their growing season.
Indispensable for instant masses of non-stop color, petunias come in many shapes, sizes and hues, and are good for any design theme. Flowers bloom in shades of red, pink, salmon, coral, blue, purple, white, cream, and yellow, in one color or bicolored--spotted, frosted, veined, splashed or striped. The single and double blooms have frilled or ruffled edges. Flowers have a stronger nighttime fragrance. There are two broad categories: multifloras producing many small flowers (up to 2 in. (5 cm) across) and grandifloras with fewer, but larger, flowers (up to 4 in. (10 cm) across). Hybrids of both types have excellent color, uniformity and vigor. Use compact forms as edging and bedding. Trailing forms cascade down the edges of hanging baskets or containers. Good cut flowers.~~Tolerant of a wide range of soils and climates, but best in full sun. Single-flowered types withstand rain better than doubles. Pinch to encourage branching and flower production. Regular fertilization, deadheading and cutting back will also increase flowering. Perennial in warm winter areas, so plant for fall and winter color. Mostly pest-free, watch for tobacco budworms. Can also be damaged by air pollution and fungal diseases due to excessive moisture and humidity. In humid climates, plant with good air circulation.
Use classic, old-fashioned, cutting pincushion flowers in the back of flower borders, mass plantings or wild gardens. Both annual and perennial types flower in colors ranging from white to yellow to purple and are easy to grow. ~~Annual pincushions are best started from seed in the fall or spring. Transplant perennials from containers available throughout the growing season. Provide support for tall varieties, and prolong bloom by cutting flowers.
Digging for potatoes is like digging for gold. Above ground, potatoes grow as spreading vines, but underground they form large tubers which are actually roots. Potatoes come in a wide assortment of sizes and colors. Try varieties with purple, pink or yellow flesh. Some types mature quickly, others take a long time. In mild winter areas, theyÆre grown year round.~~Grow from pieces of seed potatoes. Buy only stock certified free from pests and diseases to avoid blights. To discourage rot, dry out pieces in a well-lighted and ventilated place 4 to 5 days. Dust with fungicide or dip pieces in a diluted bleach solution. Plant 1.5 in. (3.75 cm)-square blocks, each with 1 to 3 eyes, 4 in. (10 cm) deep with eyes up in furrows in early spring. Fertilize lightly with a low-nitrogen fertilizer. As plants grow, pile up soil around base of stem to a height of 3 to 4 in. (7.5 to 10 cm) and 18 in. (45 cm) wide. This protects these members of the Nightshade family from light, which will turn them green and poisonous. ~~Harvest young or ônewö potatoes at 7 or 8 weeks after planting or when flowers appear. In dry weather, carefully dig around plants to allow other potatoes to mature. Harvest large potatoes 2 to 3 weeks after above-ground plants die in fall. Cure in the dark at 70 deg. F to heal bruises and ready tubers for long-term storage in a cool, dark place. Before eating, cut off poisonous green sections and sprouts.
Not just a Dutch treat, tulips are an essential part of any spring garden. Named because their overlapping petals look like a turban, they offer many flower colors, heights, bloom times and forms. Of the 15 different classes of tulips, popular are the stately ædarwins,Æ the whimsical lily-flowered, the multi-flowered æcottages,Æ the striped and streaked æRembrandts,Æ the feathery æparrotsÆ and the dwarf ægreigiiÆ varieties. There are early-, mid-, or late- blooming varieties, so careful planning provides weeks of bloom. Use modern hybrids in formal beds with daffodils, hyacinths, sweet allysum or forget-me-nots. Species and dwarf-growing tulips are excellent for open woodland and rock gardens. All can be grown in containers. Some are grown indoors in winter. Excellent cut flowers.~~Most tulips do best in cold winter climates (zones 3-7). Treat as annuals in warmer areas. Plant in fall. In warm winter areas, bulbs should be given a cold treatment at 40 deg. F in a refrigerator for several weeks before planting. Gophers and mice eat these bulbs, so plant in .75 in. (2 cm) mesh wire baskets. Watch for aphids!
Long-time garden favorites, speedwellsÆ elegant spiky flowers appear on small, creeping, rock garden or container plants, as well as medium and tall flower border and cutting garden candidates. Flowers mass in white, rose, pink, and pale or deep blue. Their attractive pointed leaves range from glossy to gray and fuzzy. Low, mat-like varieties can tolerate less water than taller forms. They prefer full sun in cool climates and part shade in hot climates. Sold in containers in the spring.
From tiny .75 in. (2 cm) Johnny-jump-ups to giant pansy strains with flowers 5 in. (12.5 cm) across, violas are beloved garden flowers. Their cheerful, smiling blossoms come in many bright and deep-toned colors, in solid and multi-colored flowers, with contrasting splashes of color and finely detailed whisker-like markings.~~Use in masses as edging or bedding in combination with spring flowering bulbs. Excellent in woodland and rock gardens, containers and hanging baskets. Flowers are edible and can be used for flavoring candy, tea, cakes and drinks. Johnny-jump-ups add color to salads.~~Violas love cool weather and continue bloom after light frosts. In hot summer climates, remove plants in early summer. Best in partial shade, but tolerate full sun in cool summer climates. In mild winter climates, plant in fall for winter and spring bloom. Watch for spider mites.
One of the most reliable, non-stop blooming plants for the hot sun, it produces phlox-like flowers in many shades and combinations of pink, mauve, white, red and rose. Varieties range from 3 to 20 in. (7.5 to 50 cm) tall, in upright growing or trailing forms. Use for edging, masses, containers and hanging baskets. Plants bloom from spring to first frost. Originally from the tropics, does best in hot weather, but varieties have been bred for cooler climates. Poorly drained soil can cause root disease.
In March, masses of hanging tassels of sweet-smelling yellow flowers appear on bare branches. The Witch Hazel-like leaves change color in autumn. These plants are slow-growing and their heights vary from 3 to 13 ft. (90 cm to 4 m) Prefer neutral or acid soils. Plant in a sheltered area in light shade to prevent frost damage to flowers. Remove dead branches after flowering. Water regularly during growing and blooming season, less at other times.
The Sequoia isn't called 'Giant' for nothing. With its massive trunk (up to 30 ft. (9 m) wide), it's considered the largest tree in the world. It's also one of the tallest trees on earth, reaching 325 ft. (97.5 m) Its dense foliage is bushier and less clear than that of its relative, the Coast Redwood's. Blue-green when young, its foliage turns bright yellow-green with maturity. Its thick, ridged, fibrous bark and small cones are reddish brown. Adapt to cold dry climates and high altitudes.~~For best growth, water deeply and regularly until established.
With its deeply-veined leaves and stems colored with red or white, Swiss Chard is both handsome and rich in vitamins. Easy-to-grow, its leaves are excellent chopped and steamed, or stewed in soups, casseroles and stir-fries. In warm winter areas, plants will produce year-round. Popular varieties include Rhubarb, Fordhook Giant and Lucullus.~~Sow seeds about 4 to 5 in. (10 to 12.5 cm) apart in early spring, 2 to 3 weeks before last frost. One to 6 plants grow from each seed. Grow 3 to 5 plants per person. When plants are about 6 to 7 in. (15 to 17.5 cm) tall, thin to about 8 to 12 in. (20 to 30 cm) apart. All thinnings are edible. Withstands light frosts.
Cabbage, Broccoli, Collards and Cauliflower, plus the less often grown Kohlrabi, Mustard Greens, Chinese Cabbage and Turnips, all belong to this family. All are cool-weather vegetables, rich in vitamins A and C and a good source of fiber. Best when matured during fall or when temperatures remain between 40 and 70 deg. F. Cole crops tolerate early spring and late fall frosts, but aside from Collards, do poorly in hot weather. For summer crops, start seed indoors and transplant 4 to 6 weeks before last frost. Heavy feeders of nitrogen and potash, they like a soil pH between 6.0 to 7.5. Sow shallow-rooted plants no more than 1 in. (2.5 cm) deep. For fall crops, start seed from mid to late summer. In mild winter areas, plant from late summer through early spring for harvest from fall to spring. Watch for many pests including cabbage lopper, root maggots, cabbage worm and flea beetles, plus diseases such as club root, damping off, mildew and fusarium yellows. To reduce the risk of diseases and pests, plant where cole crops havenÆt been grown for 3 years, and maintain proper soil pH.
From the tropical regions of both hemispheres come these fast-growing, evergreen tree ferns. With pruning, they can also be tub plants for a patio or greenhouse. Their finely cut, bright green fronds are cold-hardy to 20 deg. F, but not without some damage to the plant. Good in coastal regions or sheltered valleys, grow them in full sun in foggy areas and partial shade elsewhere.~~When pruning, wear a complete covering of protective clothing as some parts of the plant irritate the skin.
Varieties include the popular, upright, shrubby poinsettia; the unusual, perennial, trailing myrtle euphorbia; and the annual snow-on-the-mountain with its showy foliage. The tiny, yellow-to-green flowers are often surrounded by white, pink, red or green leaves called bracts, which look like flowers. The white sap is poisonous and can irritate skin and eyes, or result in human/animal fatality if ingested. Requires good soil drainage and full sun. Start by division and seed.
Of the 35 species, only the Edelweiss is well-known. Anyone who saw the film, ôThe Sound of Music,ö will remember the song inspired by the soft, woolly, white beauty of their flowers. Short-lived, they grow easily from seed and are perfect in rock gardens.
Nothing can compare to the taste of a homegrown, ripened-on-the-vine Tomato. In all their colors, shapes and sizes, Tomatoes are easy to grow. Cherry Tomatoes produce hundreds of small fruits and grow well in containers. Choose early bearing types, such as 'Early Girl' and 'Quick Pick', where summers are cool or short. Beefsteak Tomatoes with 1- to 2-lb. fruits need long, hot summers. For Tomato sauce, use varieties such as 'Roma' with heavy-fleshed fruit. Try the small pear-shaped Tomatoes; the less-acidic, yellow-fruited varieties; and pink or white varieties. Determinate Tomato varieties, such as 'Patio', are smaller, bushy plants with fruit that ripen quickly, but they produce fewer Tomatoes per plant. Indeterminate Tomatoes, such as 'Big Boy', grow until the weather cools. Their larger crops take longer to ripen. ~~Choose varieties resistant to fusarium, verticillium, nematodes, and tobacco mosaic virus. Watch out for hornworms. To encourage roots, remove lower leaves and plant seedlings with up to 0.75 of stem in the ground. For larger, earlier Tomatoes, pinch outside shoots. Train large plants on stakes or cages to keep them compact, and keep away fruit from ground moisture and pests. 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) of mulch keep fruit dry and evens soil moisture to prevent blossom end rot, a hard, brown spot on bottom of fruit. Keep soil well and evenly watered to prevent fruit from cracking. Harvest when fruit has developed full color.
Easy- and fast-growing, nutritious and versatile in cooking, beans come in many varieties. Snap beans need only a short growing season, and are rich in vitamins A and C, plus calcium and iron. Harvest before beans form. Eat shell beans fresh when beans fill out pods, but arenÆt full size. Dry and store beans once pods shrivel. Many varieties can be eaten fresh or dried for storage. Support long, twining vines of pole beans on string tied between stakes, on a trellis or fence. Self-supporting, 1- to 2-ft. (30 to 60 cm)-tall bush beans produce fewer beans than pole types, but can be grown in containers.~~Most like warm weather, so plant long after last spring frosts. Seedlings transplant poorly. Treat seeds with a legume inoculant to increase harvest. Plant snap beans in warm soil at 2-week intervals, and harvest crops all summer. Keep moist. With all beans, watch for Mexican bean beetle and downy mildew. To avoid spreading leaf disease, do not water overhead or work with wet plants. Beans are pollinated by bees, so spray any chemicals at dusk when bees are gone.
These slow-growing fan palms are natives of Baja, Mexico, and need little water or care. Long clusters of creamy white flowers bloom in spring, followed by edible fruits. Their coarse foliage comes in shades of green to blue-green. Won't tolerate wet soil or shade. Remove dead leaves.
These large, slow-growing palms have erect trunks topped with an umbrella of arching, feather-shaped, coarse, leathery leaves. Trunks become patterned with the bases of old leaf stalks. Clusters of summer flowers are followed by fruits, some of them edible. They like plenty of moisture, but tolerate some drought once established.
Along avenues, in groups or masses, these fast-growing slender palms are beautiful and stately. Their slender trunks often bulge in the middle. Their blooms are small and white. They resist wind and salt spray, but must be protected from heavy winds in sub-tropical gardens.~~Give ample water during growing season and less at other times.
These slow-growing erect fan palms have dark, shiny leaves if watered regularly. For container plants, water moderately, less in winter. While hardy to below freezing temperatures, they will enter a rest period if temperature goes below 55 deg. F for a few days.
Tender, succulent pea pods and fresh garden peas command top market prices, but are easy to grow and mature rapidly during cool weather in spring and fall. Peas are classified into three categories. Snow peas produce sweet, thin flat pods that are eaten whole before peas form. Use these in Chinese cooking or, along with sugar peas, in salads. Eat sugar peasÆ rounder pods very young, just as peas start to form, or when more mature. Harvest firm, mature garden pea pods before they start to shrivel and turn yellow, and shell for fresh peas or dry for storage. Black-eyed peas are, in fact, from a separate genus but are treated like a dry pea. Some varieties are harvested at all times. When in doubt, harvest earlier than later. Peas lose their sweetness after harvest, so eat immediately. Support tall, vining peas on a trellis, wire netting or fence. Dwarf varieties donÆt need staking, but produce smaller harvests.~~Sow seed in early spring every 2 weeks until 60 days before the beginning of 75 deg. F (24 deg. C) weather. Plant in well-drained soil that isnÆt water soaked. Treat seed with legume innoculant for higher yields. DonÆt feed high-nitrogen fertilizer.
Once planted by monks to deter evil spirits, these are now grown for their large, hairy leaves and tall, elegant flower stalks which bloom with bright yellow flowers. Individual flowers on these perennials and biennials also come in orange, red and purple. They are small, but bloom in a long succession. Excellent for informal flower borders and naturalizing in sunny, well drained dry locations. Use dried stems and seed pods in arrangements. Flowers also used in herbal cold remedies. WonÆt tolerate cold, wet soil. ~~Start by seed, root cuttings or offshoots. Cut back spent flower stalk to encourage side branches, which bloom later in summer.
Related to Onions, Garlic and Leeks, Ornamental Onions are grown for their dense clusters of flowers, which look like lollipops. Height varies from 6 in. to 5 ft. (15 cm to 1.5 m) Use for rock gardens, naturalizing and flower borders. Smaller-growing varieties are good in containers. Excellent cut flowers - leaves smell like onions. Use fully-ripened stalks in dried arrangements. Many are sun-loving and hardy to zone 4 if mulched in winter; theyÆre easy to grow.~~Plant bulbs in fall no more than 2 to 4 in. (5 to 10 cm) deep, depending on bulb size. Bulbs prefer sandy soil and will rot without excellent drainage. For most species, when foliage yellows after flowering, gradually withhold water. Susceptible to all pests of edible Onions, but usually trouble free.
These running Bamboos are moderate- to giant-sized grasses. Their underground stems send up vertical shoots and form large groves. Delicate leaves give shoots an airy appearance.~~Use as screens, edges or background plants. Some types grown in large containers. Shelter from drying winds. In hot areas, protect from afternoon sun.
Grown for their fine, delicate flowers and seed heads, these ornamental grasses are annuals or perennials. Use erect or creeping plants as screens, accents, or ground cover. ~~Plant in full sun where soil is dry, though they will tolerate moist soil. Water during long hot dry spells. Cut to the ground in early spring. Mature clumps can be divided.
These mostly large-sized perennials grow in a rosette of succulent, spiny, sharply pointed leaves, from which tequila is made. Rope, food, soap and other products are also made from the fibers and pulp. Some send up a tall flower spike annually, while others bloom only every 30 to 40 years. Several types die after flowering, but new plants may develop from suckers at their base. Native to the warm arid parts of the Americas, these plants need excellent drainage. Fire-retardant, drought-resistant and often grown in containers. Give partial shade in the hot, dry desert and protect from frost and soaking winter rains.
There are more than 300 species of Aloe, plus many hybrids, ranging in height from 6 in. to 18 ft. (15 cm to 5.5 m) Native to arid lands, they require little water or care. Juice from the thick, pointed, sharply toothed leaves of some species is used in medicines. However, all Aloe leaves are toxic if eaten, so grow plants away from children. The green or lightly blotched leaves usually grow in compact rosettes or occasionally in spirals. Their lilylike flowers bloom atop tall spikes. Some types bloom every month. Drought-tolerant, they prefer frost-free climates and dislike wet winters. Easy to care for, as long as they get good drainage and enough sun. Remove flower stalks and old leaves after flowering.
This diverse group of succulents are known for unusually shaped geometric leaves and showy clusters of small flowers. Among them is the ever-popular jade plant. Use these creeping ground covers and hardy shrubs in landscapes with mild winters. Need good drainage and full sun. Excellent for containers and rock gardens, and near swimming pools.
Large, round or cylindrical cacti with deep accordion-like ribbing and prominent spines comprise this group of Mexican and Southwestern U.S. natives. They vary in size and shape, but all are easy to grow and can reach 10 ft. (3 m) tall and wide. Spring and summer flowers bloom in pink or yellow in a circle at the plant's crown. Don't plant where children are present. Can survive light frosts but protect in hard frost areas.
Choose from the 50 or more species of succulent herbs or subshrubs for your rock garden or containers. These often stemless evergreen perennials have tightly packed rosettes of leaves and smaller offsets that cluster around the parent rosette. The star-shaped flowers bloom in summer in clusters of yellow, white, green, pink, or red. Although not showy, they are attractive when viewed in detail. Blooms die after setting seed, but offsets are easily planted. Need good drainage.
From the moist, humid tropics and the cold Himalayas, these ferns thrive in a variety of areas. Most are used in shady woodland gardens, around ponds, as ground cover under shrubs such as Rhododendrons, or planted with Dicentra, Astilbe, Iberis, Narcissus or Primula. Others thrive in a shady rock garden. The tropical species are grown in greenhouses. Use dwarf types in indoor terrariums. All need moisture, so they donÆt do well where summers are hot and dry. The Himalayan native, A. venustum, stays green in mild northern winters, but, like the others, dies back in frosts. Use fronds with cut flowers.~~Start by division. Watch for slugs and snails.
Several of these mostly deciduous ferns are known for their beautifully colored new growth in shades of gold, bronze or red. Grown also for their drought tolerance and ease of care, they like full sun in cool climates, but do best with just 2 to 3 hours of sun per day elsewhere. Use them in shady borders or woodland settings. Sold in containers during the growing season.
The edible prickly pear and the infamous cholla are two distinct members of this diverse group of desert plants. They represent, respectively, the two halves of this genus--plants with flat, broad joints, and those with cylindrical ones. Regardless, all Opuntias have many-petaled, showy flowers in yellow, white, orange, purple or red, and edible fruits. Need full sun and excellent drainage. ~~Watch out for tufts of small bristles that dot the leaves!
Famous for setting the scene in Westerns, these classic barrel cacti with thick ribs and large spines grow to enormous proportions over time. The southwestern and Mexican natives reach to 10 ft. (3 m) tall and weigh up to hundreds of pounds. Colorful summer flowers stand in solitude atop their stems. May suffer root rot without excellent drainage. Water little or not at all in summer.
Of a coarser texture than most ferns, these 6-ft. (2 m)-tall plants are the source for Osmunda fiber used in growing orchids. The young fronds are cooked and eaten in some parts of the world. ~~Likes shade and moist soil, so plant around ponds and streams. Plan ahead before you place these large plants. Leaves die back in winter, so buy during the growing season so you can see what you're getting.
Elegant, hardy flowers with backward-projecting tubular petals, called spurs, that bear nectar and attract hummingbirds. The many species and hybrids come in a variety of colors and bicolors that look good in borders, cottage and woodland gardens. Combine well with campanula, delphiniums, dicentra and ferns. ~~Plants hybridize and reseed freely. Cut back old stems to encourage a second bloom. Easy care once established. Won't tolerate soggy soil. Protect from wind. Watch for leaf miner and columbine borer.
Though its distinctive flowers last only a day, the African Iris flowers often in mild, warm winter climates. Also called the Fortnight Lily because blooms open in 2-week batches. Flowers are white or yellow and their dark markings have colorful orange or yellow highlights. Leaves are sword shaped and eventually form sizable clumps. Drought-tolerant once established, but bloom more when watered. Attractive near water or along dry stream beds in Japanese gardens. ~~Remove seed pods as they form to encourage flowering and prevent volunteer plants from starting. Sold as container stock. Divide infrequently, in fall or winter.
Like their bearded cousins, the beardless Irises grow from rhizomes, and offer a wide range of forms, sizes and flower colors. They have similar care needs, but include more types that prefer heavy or even soggy soil. These flourish near a pond or stream, even in submerged pots. All thrive with lots of moisture and rich, organic soil; they wonÆt tolerate hot, dry climates. ~~Plant divisions in spring. Feed heavily with high nitrogen during growing season for maximum-size blooms. Divide and replant every 3 to 4 years.
Southerners savor this heat-loving vegetable as a main dish and in gumbos. They're excellent boiled, steamed, pickled and deep fried in soups, stews and sauces. Harvest the tender, finger-like seed pods every few days for highest nutritional value, to increase production and keep them from getting tough. The plants have tropical-looking leaves and yellow hibiscus-like flowers. Best grown where summers are long. In colder climates, plants yield fewer pods.
This annual Hibiscus relative has large 3 to 4 in. (7.5 to 10 cm) flowers which continuously bloom summer through fall. Use in containers and edging. The 1.5-ft. (45 cm)-tall and wide, compact plants thrive in heat and full sun, but tolerate partial shade. Start from seed.
With unusual flowers and brilliantly colored leaves, these large, tropical shrubs are grown as annuals and greenhouse plants. They thrive in hot, humid summer climates. Use as dramatic accents in the garden or in containers. ~~Grow in full or part sun. Pinch or cut back to control height. Take plant cuttings in mid-summer. In autumn, cut back and pot as houseplants. Grown outside all year round in warm winter climates.
As with its relation the Gladiolus, AcidantheraÆs spikes of fragrant, creamy white flowers make excellent cut flowers. Individual, 2- to 3-in. (5- to 7.5-cm)-wide blossoms are star-shaped with deep chocolate brown or crimson-purple centers. Plants have sword-shaped leaves. ~~Dig up and store dormant corms. In spring, plant 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) deep in masses for naturalizing in warm climates or in containers.
Grown for their abundant clusters of small fluffy flowers, Ageratums lend a soft, dainty effect in colors that range from deep blues to lavender, and from white to pink. The many named dwarf varieties form mounds and are good for edging, mass planting and containers. Taller varieties make good cut flowers. ~~Plants generally bloom from early summer through fall if deadheaded. To prolong bloom in hot summer areas, plant in partial shade. All are sensitive to cold, so plant well after the last frost. In mild winter areas, plant in late summer for autumn flowering.
A classic old-fashioned flower, hollyhocks are informal, yet elegant. The 5- to 8-ft. (1.5- to 2.5-m)-tall flower spikes have 3- to 6-in. (7.5- to 15-cm)-wide, saucer-shaped, single, semi-double or double flowers. Butterflies love them. Plant in the back of a flower border or against a wall to show off their strong vertical lines. For smaller gardens, use dwarf varieties that grow 3 to 5 ft. (90 cm to 1.5 m) tall. ~~Technically biennial, many modern varieties bloom the first year from nursery plants or from seed if started early indoors. ~~Stake tall plants. Protect from strong winds, slugs and snails. The large, hairy leaves are prone to rust, spider mites and anthracnose. They need good air circulation.
Easy-to-grow perennials and shrubs with light blue star-shaped flowers clustered at the end of stalks. Plants have a white, milky sap. Likes cool climates and moist soil. Start by seed or division in spring or fall, or by cuttings.
Prized for their blue flowers, these annuals, biennials and perennials usually live only two to three years. Plants have coarse, hairy leaves, and all need full sun. Forget-me-nots (myosotis) and brunnera macrophylla (formerly anchusa myosotidiflora) are closely-related perennials. Anchusa officinalis is used as a medicinal herb and in dying fabric. Other Italian buglosses come in a variety of heights, with flowers in varying shades of blue. Start by seed in spring or division in spring or fall, or by rooting cuttings. Cut back to promote second bloom. May need staking.
In cooking, use whole or ground seeds and dry or fresh fern-like leaves. Unlike many other long-lived herbs, plants must be replaced yearly. The flattened, yarrow-like flowers attract beneficial insects such as hoverflies.~~Sow in place. Quickly goes to seed, so sow some every few weeks in spring for a longer supply.
Snapdragons live up to their name--when pinched at the base, their spicy cinnamon-scented flowers open and close like jaws snapping. Unsurpassed for vivid color when used in masses or edging, they are also good for vertical spot color. The flower spikes bloom from bottom to top and make excellent cut flowers. ~~Available in many types and colors, dwarf varieties grow from 4 to 9 in. (10 to 22.5 cm) tall, intermediate varieties from 12 to 24 in. (30 to 60 cm) and tall varieties from 30 to 36 in. (75 to 90 cm) tall. Double-flowering forms have open-faced, azalea-like blossoms. Colors include bronze, burgundy, carmine, crimson, orange, scarlet, pink, rose, yellow, white and lilac. Seeds and plants come in single or mixed colors. ~~In warm winter areas, plant in fall for winter and early spring blooms. Make sure old plants survive winter to flower again in spring. Pinch young plants to encourage branching and increased flowering. Stake taller varieties. Plant new plants in locations different from the old ones.
Crisp and crunchy, but challenging to grow, celery likes a 4- to 6-month, cool growing season and plenty of moisture. Fresh leaves and stalks are excellent in salads, soups, hors dÆoeuvres, stews and stir-fries. Use dried leaves as a seasoning. Try new varieties that are more heat-resistant and tender. The two main types of celery are green and golden, or self-blanching. Most celery sold commercially has green unblanched stalks rich in vitamins. Blanched celery has yellowish white stems and are more tender, but isnÆt as nutritious. ~~Presoak seeds overnight before planting. Sow indoors 2 to 3 months before planting or buy transplants. In warm winter climates, plant in fall, winter or spring. In cold winter climates, plant in spring. Plan on 6 plants per adult. Fertilize with 5-10-10 frequently. To ensure tenderness, 3 to 4 weeks before harvest blanch stalks by circling them with a bottomless milk carton, wrapping them in paper, then covering with soil, or shading with boards to keep light out. Harvest after 125 days. Watch for snails and slugs.
This hardy vegetable grows best with a long, warm, growing season and cold winters that help form the large, flavorful roots. For sauce (often used with meat), grate peeled roots, and mix with white or distilled vinegar, salt to taste. Refrigerate, and it keeps for a few weeks.~~In spring, start as root cuttings. Plant nearly horizontal, 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) deep, with large end of root up. Give plenty of water, but donÆt fertilize heavily. Harvest after several weeks of hard frost for best flavor. Watch for all pests that effect HorseradishÆs cousin, Cabbage.
The ornamental types of these plants are grown for their striking, silver-gray, aromatic foliage, which is often used in flower arrangements. The leaves of two other types are used as the cooking spice tarragon. For excellent cut flowers, use only the unusual, moisture-loving A. lactiflora, which has striking blooms. These mostly drought-tolerant plants need only average-to-poor soil and full sun for healthy, compact growth. Rich soils create lanky, short-lived plants.~~Prune lightly in spring to maintain compactness and to promote new growth. Start by cuttings or division.
Aruncus is an elegant perennial with spikes full of tiny white flowers and clumps of finely-textured green leaves. It often graces wet mountainsides with masses of its white plumes. Grow the larger species along streams, in moist woodlands or in the back of perennial borders. Plant smaller species in rock gardens or in the front of perennial borders.~~Start by division.
A select few of these perennials and shrubs are grown as garden plants. Their brightly colored, unusually shaped flowers attract butterflies and make excellent cut flowers. Blooms become large, pointed seed pods that are used in dried flower arrangements. Mature pods split open, exposing seeds tufted with silky hairs. ~~Start by seed or root cuttings. Easy to grow in full sun. This group is an important butterfly attractor.
Considered a delicacy by the ancient Greeks and todayÆs gourmet, Asparagus are low in calories and high in flavor and vitamin A. With care, plants produce abundant spears for 25 years or more. But you have to wait until the third year for your first harvest. This give plants the time to grow roots that will keep producing spears. Unharvested, their fern-like foliage grows 5 to 6 ft. (1.5 to 2 m) high and can be used as an ornamental summer screen or along a fence where there is sun. Female plants produce berries that turn bright red in late summer and fall. Foliage turns yellow in fall and brown in winter. ~~A perennial vegetable, plant 1-year-old crowns--clusters of buds and thick fleshy roots--in spring. In warm parts of the Northwest and the South, and in California, use varieties recommended for mild winters. Let plants grow the first year. In the second year, snap or cut off a few spears per plant just above ground level. Choose spears thicker than a pencil and 7 to 10 in. (17.5 to 25 cm) long. Year 3 or later, harvest lasts 6 to 8 weeks, until spears are less than 0.25 in. (0.75 cm) in diameter. After harvest, keep well watered until fall. Fertilize in spring before spears appear and in early summer after harvest, using a high-nitrogen formula. Watch for Fusarium root rot, rust, thrips, beetles and aphids.
This highly variable group of ferns includes the spectacular Bird's Nest Fern with its sword-like leaves, the dainty Mother Fern with hundreds of baby ferns clinging to its lacy leaves, and several other types of ferns. All need shade and abundant water. They grow best in warmer zones. Popular as house plants. Hardy varieties can be obtained from fern specialists. ~~Outdoors, protect from snails and slugs. Indoors, watch for aphids and spider mites.
This excellent rock garden perennial forms mounds of gray-green foliage from which intense yellow flowers rise. Also used in the front of borders or on top of walls. Full sun, good drainage and lean soil promote long life and compact growth. ~~Starts easily by self-sowing, seed, cuttings or division. Prune lightly after bloom to encourage dense growth. Protect from afternoon sun in hot southern climates. Hot, humid weather or extremely cold winters can kill them.
Easy-to-grow, these North American natives have striking, pea-shaped white, blue or yellow flowers. Freshly cut blossoms and dried seed pods make excellent flower arrangements. Best in rich soils, but tolerates poor soils. ~~Easy to start by seed or division. Cut back old flowers to encourage further blooming.
With its warm orange-red flowers and long blooming season, use in sunny beds, natural gardens and rock gardens. Plant in masses or loose colonies. The large clusters of speckled, 1.5- to 2-in. (3.75 to 5 cm) star-shaped flowers rise above sword-shaped leaves. In fall, the seed capsules burst open to display clusters of seeds that look like blackberries. Use long-lasting dried seed pods in arrangements. Start easily by seed or divisions in spring. Likes sun or partial shade.
The bright, button-like daisy flowers are often seen in lawns and are used by children for daisy chains. Blooms in pink, white or red to about 6 in. (15 cm) high. Excellent for edging and flower borders, as companion plants with spring bulbs or in containers and rock gardens. ~~Although perennial, plants are usually grown as annuals or biennials. Foliage is low and small leaves are often hairy. Many varieties, including double-flowered types, are available. Can be invasive and often self sow and naturalize. Thrive with plenty of moisture. Need partial shade in hot areas. ~~Sow seed in early fall or spring or buy in containers.
Eat beet roots and greens raw in salads or boiled, pickled or steamed. A cool growing vegetable, roots are red, white or yellow. Plants grow best before or after hot summer weather. Tolerate spring and fall frosts, but become tough in hot weather. In mild winter areas, plant in autumn for winter and early spring harvest. ~~Thin seedlings when plants are 4 in. (10 cm) tall or 3 to 4 in. (7.5 to 10 cm) apart. Thinnings are edible. Harvest about 45 to 65 days after sowing, earlier if desired. To see if beets are ready, push some soil away from base of plants to check size. Young roots are more tender and finer-textured.
Grown for their brightly-colored rosettes of leaves, ornamental cabbages and kales are related to their vegetable counterparts. Marbled, veined or edged in contrasting colors of rose, pink, white, cream and bluish-green, the leaves' colors intensify toward the center of the plant. The yellow flowers are inconspicuous. In comparison, flowering kale have looser heads and curlier, fringed leaves. Excellent for fall bedding or containers, leaves' colors intensify after first frost. Plants are good in combination with other fall flowers, such as asters, cyclamen and chrysanthemum. Can last through mild winters, but form a long unsightly flowering stalk in warm weather. Watch for cabbage pests, including cabbage worm, cabbage lopper and aphids.
With large, brilliantly-colored, heart-shaped leaves, caladiums add form and texture to bright-shade gardens. Many named varieties come in bold color combinations of red, rose, pink, green silver and white, often with dark veins in the leaves. ~~A tropical native, it likes plenty of water, heat and high humidity. Excellent in pots. Protect from strong winds. Lift and store tubers in the fall. Also grown as house plants year-round.
Grown since Elizabethan times, pot marigolds' early season pompom flowers bloom in orange, yellow, apricot, cream and white. Double-flowering, red and black-eyed varieties are also available. The petals are edible and can be used fresh and dried to flavor cakes, puddings, soups, salads and rice dishes. Unlike the common garden Marigold (Tagetes), pot marigolds need cool weather during spring and early summer to grow and bloom well. In mild winter areas, they withstand light frosts, so plant in fall for winter and early spring bloom. Sow seed from late winter to early spring for spring bloom, and mid- to late-summer for fall bloom. When transplanting, be careful not to damage the long, thin taproots.
With their masses of long lasting festive fruits in red, orange, yellow, green and purple, Ornamental Peppers are used as bedding or container plants. The round or pointed Peppers change colors as they ripen, so one plant may have fruits of many different colors. Like the hot peppers used in cooking, these like warm summers and plenty of water. ~~Start seed indoors 6 to 8 weeks early. Plant seedlings after soil has warmed. Pot plants in fall for indoor color during the holidays. Relatively pest-free, though susceptible to same diseases as edible peppers.
The blue of this care-free perennial blends well in the flower border with most colors, but especially yellow and white. The foliage is a low rosette of silver-gray leaves and the flowers, daisylike. Plant in masses. Goes well with artemisia. Use cut flowers fresh and dried. Plants are short-lived and need well-drained soil. The common name comes from the Greeks who used it in love potions. Easily grown from seed in spring. Plant 1 ft. (30 cm) apart. Replace or divide every two years.
Easy to grow, this member of the daisy family is good for borders or wild gardens. Most annual types are grown for their frilly, cuttable flowers, and perennials for their felty, gray foliage. All like sun, and some are drought-tolerant. Also attract birds. Start easily by seed in spring or fall, or by division. Self-sows, so may pop up where it isnÆt wanted. May need staking.
These drought-tolerant, Mediterranean natives have dense clusters of small, fragrant, white or red flowers. The late-summer bloomers grow in the poorest of well-drained soils, but dislike damp shade. Excellent cut flowers. Can be invasive as it self-sows readily, so pull new seedlings in beds and borders. Best on dry slopes, banks or walls where it can naturalize.~~Start by seed or division in spring. Remove stems once theyÆve flowered to prolong bloom.
These perennial wildflowers are native to the rich, woodland soils of the eastern United States. They can be damaged by snowy winters, though. If planted in a shady spot, these bright yellow, 5-petaled flowers bloom all summer on this ground cover. Perfect for wild gardens. Needs moist, well-drained soil.~~Start by seed or division in spring.
Slender spires of tiny, white, fluffy, bottlebrush-like flowers rise high above fernlike leaves in late summer or early fall. These elegant perennials tolerate fairly heavy shade, but take full sun with ample water in deep, richly organic soil. Excellent for woodland or wild gardens, or for a strong, vertical element in the back of shady flower borders. Use dried seed clusters in flower arrangements. Divide in fall or early spring before growth starts.
Enjoying the sweet, sticky fruit of Watermelons is part of the best summer memories. Native to tropical Africa, Watermelons like long, hot summers where day temperatures reach at least 80 deg. F and night coolness doesn't fall below 55 deg. F. Along with the standard red-fleshed, seeded varieties, try seedless, yellow/orange- or white-fleshed, small-fruited baby and compact-growing, bush varieties.~~Plant in spring when day temperatures reach 60 deg. F and danger of frost has passed. Sow 2 seeds or transplants, 4 to 6 ft. (1.25 to 2 m) apart, in 4-in. (10 cm)-high, flat-topped hills full of well-rotted manure and compost. Each vine produces 1 to 2 melons, so 2 to 4 hills are enough for one person. For pollination, plant melons with seeds near seedless types. Fertilize and water regularly. Keep leaves dry to reduce mildew. Mulch with hay to protect fruits on ground from moisture and rot. In cool summer areas, plant extra-early varieties and mulch with black plastic to raise soil temperature. Harvest when bottom of melon turns deep yellow and the skin turns from shiny or powdery to dull, usually 80 to 100 days.
C. miniata is an outstanding shade plant in zones 10 and 11 (zone 9, too, with some protection from frost). It flaunts large clusters of orange trumpet-like flowers, followed by red berries, and glossy, strap-like evergreen leaves. Mostly March to April bloomers, in warmer climates blooming season can begin in December. ~~Use them in borders. A great house plant for cold climates, set them outdoors in summer. Excellent as container patio plants elsewhere, as plants bloom best when pot-bound. Grow with ferns, azaleas and other shade-loving plants.~~Fertilize monthly during spring and summer to encourage flowering. Divide in spring, though the plants like crowded roots.
Large crocus-like flowers bloom on this member of the Lily family in the fall after the leaves have died down. Excellent for woodland and rock gardens, along pathways and in flower borders. All parts of the plant are poisonous. Buy and plant corms in late summer for fall bloom.
With colorful leaves, coleus are perfect for providing constant brightness in shaded and partly-shaded areas. Leaves on different varieties can be heart- or lance-shaped, laced or fringed, and variously-edged, mottled or streaked in mixes of chartreuse, red, lime, pink, salmon, yellow, purple and green. Use as bedding, edging or container plants. Use pure strains, with one leaf color combination, with other plants of varying texture and color. Mixed strains, with many different hues, introduce a riot of color in the garden. Perennial in warm winter areas, but are commonly grown as annuals in all areas. Too much sun will bleach colors out, and too much shade will result in poor growth and less colorful leaves, so keep shade partial. Easy to grow from seed. Pinch young plants to encourage bushiness. Pinch inconspicuous flowers before they develop.
The enormous elongated heart-shaped leaves of elephant's ears make them useful accents in beddings (where space permits), large containers and water gardens. Seldom-seen flowers resemble trumpet-like callas. Also known as taro, it tuberous roots are eaten as food in many tropical areas. Heat- and water-loving, it can be grown outdoors year-round in frost-free climates. Elsewhere, lift and store tubers in the fall. Best in climates with hot and humid summers. Divide in spring.
With a fragrance that has inspired perfumes, lily-of-the-valley has been grown for countless generations. Each cluster of small white bell-shaped flowers is framed by large, upright, low-growing leaves. Plant along walkways and in containers where their fragrance can be best appreciated during spring bloom. Excellent as ground cover in woodland or rock gardens. However, all parts of the plant are poisonous. Needs adequate cold chilling, and grows best in zones 3 to 7. Plant in fall. Rootstock can be started inside for winter and early spring bloom. Once established, will form large clumps which live many years.
Their vibrant, eye-catching, daisylike, yellow blooms make long-lasting cut flowers. Easy-to-grow, these long-blooming North American natives are good for beginning gardeners. Single- and double-flowering varieties available. Use these drought-tolerant plants in sunny, wild gardens, flower borders and containers. They attract songbirds. The common name comes from the shape of the seed, which is flattened like a tick. ~~Buy in containers. Plant or divide these summer bloomers in fall or spring. Self-sowing.
Used in cooking and medicine since at least 800 BC, Coriander seeds are used as a spice and the delicate leaves, Cilantro, are used as an herb or vegetable. American and European cooking uses the Anise-like seeds in cookies, marmalade and pudding. The leaves are a common ingredient in Mexican, Chinese, Indian, and Thai cuisines. Related to parsley, Cilantro grows easily and quickly. It also attracts beneficial insects. Self-sows if allowed to go to seed. Sow seeds in place since they donÆt transplant well.
Small plants have clumps of fern-like foliage and clusters of spurred flowers in white, yellow, pink, blue or purple. Plant with primroses, bleeding hearts, columbine, ladyÆs mantle and ferns in woodland gardens, by pools or streams. Also grown in rock crevices. Start from seed in spring or fall, or divide. Likes partial shade. Self-sows readily in favorable locations.
Bunches of daisylike flowers and graceful feathery foliage make these annuals a delight in both color and texture. Some varieties of this fast-grower have semi-double flowers, rolled quilled petals or bicolor striped colors. Use 3 to 6 ft. ( 90 cm to 2 m) tall plants as background, or in wild or naturalistic gardens. Dwarf forms, 1 to 2 ft. (30 to 60 cm) tall, are good for containers. Excellent cut flowers. Considered drought resistant, Cosmos grows best in full sun but will grow well and flower earlier in poor, fairly dry soils. Easy to grow from seed, and they will seed themselves. Don't over-fertilize unless you want lush plants with few flowers. Tall varieties require staking. Nearly pest-free, but watch for borers or fungal diseases.
Simple to grow, these drought-tolerant, showy plants naturalize easily. Use for summer color in perennial borders and wild gardens. Good cut flowers in orange, yellow and scarlet with sword-like leaves. Often confused with Chasmanthe, which blooms in the spring.~~In fall, buy bulbs or get divisions from established plants. In colder zones, plant in a sheltered location and mulch in winter, or dig up and store in fall. In coastal areas, plant in full sun, elsewhere in partial shade.
Crocus often burst through the snow in late winter and provide carpets of color when little else is stirring. Spring- and fall-blooming species extend the variety and season of bloom and deserve to be more widely planted. Leaves are grass-like and appear with, or after, the large flowers. These popular Dutch hybrids come in many varieties, including bicolor and striped selections. One species, crocus sativus, is the source of saffron. Excellent along pathways, between stepping stones, in containers and rock gardens. Most effective when naturalized in drifts in open woodland and lawns, or beneath deciduous trees and shrubs. ~~~~Best in cold, winter climates planted in full sun, or in hot, summer areas, in partial shade. Allow foliage to fully mature and die down before pruning to ensure future bloom and development of plant colonies. You can force corms to bloom in winter by starting them indoors.
For crisp pickles or cool, soft slices in salads and sandwiches, choose the right type of cucumber. Some varieties produce only female flowers, so plant male pollinators nearby. Transplant or sow seedlings in deep rich soil well after last spring frost. Sun-loving vines need 25 sq. ft. (7.5 sq. meters) per hill. To protect young plants from downpours, insects and frosts, cover with material such as waxed paper cups or translucent plastic. Water slowly and deeply, but avoid wetting leaves to prevent mildew. Bitterness is believed to be caused by infrequent watering or high temperatures. Many have a short growing season, so pick while young to ensure continued production. Harvest pickling cucumbers at 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) long, and slicing cucumbers at 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) long, usually 55 to 60 days from seed. Cucumber plants are prey to bacterial mildew, leaf spot, mosaic virus and scab, so plant disease-resistant varieties.
One of the easiest vegetables to grow, Squash are rich in vitamin C and are delicious raw, steamed, stuffed, grilled, baked or stir-fried. These sun lovers canÆt survive frost, but do well in most other climates and soils. Varieties include Zucchini, Crookneck, Straightneck, Italian and scalloped white squash. Grow on vines. In small spaces or containers, plant bush or dwarf types. Where rambling vines need 2 to 3 ft. (60 to 90 cm) of space, bush types need about 1 sq. ft. per plant. Vines can be trained on a trellis or over fences. Generally, 2 to 3 bushes or 4 to 6 vines produce enough squash for four people. Transplant 2 to 3 seedlings or sow seed in hills or mounds after soil has warmed in spring. Give plenty of water, especially plants in containers. Avoid overhead watering to discourage mildew, or plant resistant varieties. Harvest in fall when skins are hard and resist scratching by a thumbnail. From seed, they are ready for harvest in 85 to 100 days. Store with or without refrigeration.
These shrubby, low-growing, heat-loving perennials have finely textured leaves and flowers. Their brightly colored tubular flowers bloom generously in summer. They look like tiny cigars or firecrackers in purple, red or white with white or green tips. Use for bedding or edging and in containers and hanging baskets. Also grown as houseplants in light shade. Native to Mexico and Guatemala, they are hardy in warm winter areas. In colder climates, plant outside only after weather has warmed.~~Pinch growing tips for compact growth, and cut older plants back. Water during growing/blooming season, keeping soil evenly moist.
With their long-lasting, waxy flowers and glossy green leaves, cold-tolerant types are excellent for shady and woodland gardens, bedding and containers. The popular, large-flowering floristÆs cyclamen (C. persicum) is grown outdoors only in warm winter areas (zones 9 and 10) and as a houseplant elsewhere. C. coum and C. neapolitanum are cold-hardy species with smaller flowers, which bloom late summer to early fall. Grown outdoors, may self-sow. Pink, white, red or rose flowers bloom in winter and late summer. ~~Purchase in containers in spring or fall. Plant in their dormant season, during part of the summer. Withhold water then until growth resumes in fall. Otherwise keep soil moist. Plant floristÆs cyclamen with top of tubers exposed anytime. Cover hardy species with 1 to 2 in. (2.5 to 5 cm) of soil and topdress annually with compost.
A spring treat, these Mediterranean native, perennial vegetables grow best where winters are mild and summers cool. A flower bud with a delicious edible heart and leaves, the purple, thistle-like flower follows if not harvested. The spectacular gray, spiny foliage makes the plants interesting enough for ornamental gardens.~~Plant from root divisions in winter or spring, or start from seed in spring. Seedlings take a year or longer to bear. Plant in good rich soil with winter sun. Give high-nitrogen fertilizer, and water well during growing season. ~~The first year, plants produce 1 to 3 artichokes. Established plants bear as many as 20 to 30 artichokes in spring. In fall, you may get a second crop. When harvesting, leave lower buds on stem to form smaller, secondary artichokes. Clean up dead leaves and remove spent flower stalks. In early fall, divide overgrown plants.
Water-loving, these tall, striking perennials grow best near pools or partly submerged in shallow water. In pots outdoors, keep soil moist. In containers indoors, grow in water 2 to 6 in deep. Palm-like leaves atop bare stems are green to reddish-brown. Use in fresh or dried arrangements. Full sun or shade, but wonÆt tolerate frost.~~Start by division or seeds sown in spring or early autumn. Remove dead or broken stems and leaves.
A veggie garden favorite, high in vitamin A, carrots produce a lot of food in a small space. A 20 ft. (6 m) row feeds 4 people. Good, deep sandy soil is essential in growing good carrots. If you have shallow, rocky or clay soil, plant in containers or raised beds, or use short-rooted or baby varieties. ~~Begin sowing seed in early spring and continue at 3-week intervals so you can harvest several crops. Carrots donÆt like temperatures above 85 deg. F (30 deg. C), so schedule sowings to avoid the hottest part of summer. In mild winter areas, sow carrots from late summer through spring for fall, winter and spring harvest. Cover seeds with 0.25 to 0.5 in. (0.75 to 1.25 cm) of sandy soil or vermiculite. Thin seedlings to 2 in. (5 cm) apart, and protect from aster leafhopper. DonÆt fertilize with manure. Keep soil moist, as infrequent watering causes carrots to split. Depending on the variety, harvest is 30 to 80 days after sowing. Finger-sized carrots are the most tender, but nearly mature carrots are sweeter.
Their fuzzy creeping stems inspire several of these ferns' common names--Deer's, Rabbit's and Squirrel's Foot Ferns. Best used in hanging baskets where their little "feet" curl over the edges. In nature, these stems or rhizomes attach themselves to tree trunks. Require less water than other ferns do. Grow outdoors only in zone 10. In other zones, bring indoors in winter.
When you break or cut open the succulent-like foliage of these flowering ground covers, the flesh is shiny and translucent like ice. Flowers come in golden-yellow, purple or D. æAlbaÆ in white. Fire-retardant, they grow quickly to cover banks, some even growing in sand. ~~Thrive in full sun with good drainage, but are hardy even under snow. Need some irrigation in dry seasons. Cut back as needed to control growth.
Saucer-like, salmon to pink flowers bloom on these annuals and perennials from South Africa. Some varieties have deep pink or orange flowers. Excellent for rock gardens, borders, bedding and containers, but arenÆt good as cut flowers. The generously branching, spreading perennials do best where summers arenÆt too hot or humid. Plants need good drainage, and perennials die in winter if soil is wet.
These shade-loving perennials are popular because of their fine-textured fernlike foliage and heart-shaped flowers. Bleeding hearts require rich, moist, well-drained soil and are excellent companion plants with begonias, columbines, epimediums, ferns, fuchsias, hellebores, primroses and other woodland plants. In mild climate regions of the country they become short-lived perennials.
Fast-growing, bean-like vines are excellent for screens. Have small flowers and fruit. Perennials, often grown as annuals. Need support for climbing. Grows and flowers best in warm summer climates. Likes sun and good drainage. ~~Start by seed sown long after last spring frost.
These easy-to-grow, spring-blooming perennials have showy, yellow, daisy-like flowers on long stalks with heart-shaped leaves. Great cut flowers. Plant in borders with other perennials where nearby foliage hides dying summer leaves. Also good with tulips. Like partial shade in hot climates or northern climates, and tolerate heavy soil. The common name refers to the Asian nativesÆ practice of dipping arrows in its juices when hunting leopards. ~~Start by seed or division. Young plants bloom most generously. Remove old flowers to encourage second bloom. Divide every 2 to 3 years in August or spring, when plants are dormant.
The thread-like, aromatic foliage is mostly hidden by masses of 0.5 in. (1.25 cm)-wide, Daisylike, golden-yellow flowers on these low annuals. Native to the southwest US, they tolerate hot weather and full sun, blooming from early summer into winter in mild areas. Good edgings for borders and colorful additions to rock gardens. Excellent cut flowers. From seed, plants take as long as 4 months to bloom. In colder areas, sow seed indoors 10 to 12 weeks before last frost is due. Plant seedlings after danger of frost is past. In mild winter areas, sow seed in ground in fall or early spring.
A large group of low-maintenance, thistle-like perennials requiring only well-drained soil, sun and occasional water. Valued for their long-blooming flowers and striking, gray-woolly foliage, the blossoms also attract bees, butterflies, moths and hummingbirds. Excellent cut and dried flowers. ~~Start by division or seed. Give plenty of room to grow. Cut flowers for drying just before the florets open. Wear gloves to protect hands from the prickly leaves.
Valued for their airy spring flowers and shiny evergreen to deciduous leaves, use these tough, low-growing perennials for shady flower borders, woodland and rock gardens and containers. Excellent, slow-spreading ground cover under large trees and shrubs. Colorful leaves are bronzy-pink in spring, green in summer and bronze in fall. Spikes of flowers bloom red, white, pink or yellow in spring. Long-lasting cut flowers. Drought resistant once established. Deer resistant. Divide in spring or fall. Cut back in late winter or early spring to encourage spring flowers and new growth.
This large group of perennials has showy, daisy-like flowers with double rows of thread-like petals. Blooms in white, lavender and pink. Most need full sun and good drainage. Best in rock gardens. Some species are invasive. Fleabane tea is used by some Native Americans to relieve colds and stiffness in joints. Start by division or seed. Remove old flowers to prolong bloom. Cut back after flowering to prevent legginess and to rejuvenate growth.
Their striking foliage and thistlelike clusters of flowers make them a favorite border or rock garden plant. Many are drought-tolerant. The summer-blooming, soft blossoms harden into prickly, long-lasting cut and dried flowers. Tops of flower spikes bloom first, while flowers on lower, side-branching stems bloom later. The blue flowers have thimblelike domes surrounded by steel-blue, petal-like leaves. ~~Need full sun and good drainage. Start by rooting cuttings--as they donÆt like transplanting--or from seed. Space plants about 1 ft. (30 cm) apart.
With their gracefully nodding, lilylike flowers and often shiny, mottled leaves these plants look good in drifts or clumps in woodland or shady gardens, or beside pools and streams. Mostly native to North America, the many types have flowers which range from creamy white to pale lavender and rose. All like soil rich in organic matter. DonÆt let them dry out during active growth. Some species go dormant in summer and resume growth in late winter and early spring.~~Plant corms before they dry out.
Blooming in late summer and early fall, this large group of perennials, herbs, and shrubs provides color when other plants have stopped flowering. Several species are cold-hardy wildflowers, native to the eastern United States, many of which have become popular only recently. These have whorled leaves and showy, small flowers in clusters.~~Start by seed or division. Pinch back during the growing season to encourage fuller growth and more flowers.
Their large rose- or poppy-like flowers in soft pastel colors are enjoyed by gardeners and flower arrangers alike. On the plant or cut, silvery pink, pure white, sky blue, purple, yellow and rose pink blooms last up to 3 weeks. This native to the American prairies comes in single- and double-flowering, dwarf and bicolor varieties. Leaves are a shiny bluish green. Plant in masses, borders or in containers. ~~Full sun and excellent drainage are essential. Too much moisture and fertilization damages plants, so in wet summer areas, plant in containers. Slow from seed, so buy plants in spring. Pinch to encourage branching and flowers. Grown as annuals, plants may live through the winter to flower again in spring.
Related to Morning Glories, these heat-loving plants have small, trumpet-shaped flowers all summer. Plants form low, dense mounds of light green. Likes full sun. ~~Start by seed or easily by cuttings.
Sky blue, daisylike flowers with yellow centers bloom on these bushy South African natives. Their hairy mounds of dark green foliage thrive in dry pockets of rock gardens, edging, bedding and containers. Flowers on 1 to 2 ft. (30 to 60 cm) stems tolerate wind and make long-lasting cut flowers. Blooms sometimes close at night and on cloudy days. Some varieties offer flowers in darker blues, lavender and white. Start seed indoors 6 weeks before last frost. In frost-free areas, grow as perennials, elsewhere as annuals. Deadhead to promote more blooms.
Native to the Mediterranean and easy to cultivate, Fennel has become naturalized in parts of the US. Some of the plants' fern-like leaves, leaf bases and seeds are edible and have a licorice flavor. Like others in the carrot family, their flowers attract beneficial insects such as hoverflies. Swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on Fennel, and green and yellow caterpillars, called parsleyworms, decorate the plant while they feed. ~~Sow seed in the ground, and thin seedlings to 1 ft. (30 cm) apart. Established Fennel seeds itself, so weed out unwanted plants before their extensive root systems make them difficult to remove.~~A stunning bronze variety also exists. The bulbous root of dwarf Sweet Fennel is edible.
Fresh, juicy strawberries are one of the sweetest of fruit treats, but some strawberry plants are grown as ornamental perennials in containers, as ground covers or as border edging. Most have white flowers on short-stemmed, dark green, glossy leaves, and long runners. A commonly grown ground cover, F. chiloensis, is 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) tall and blooms in summer. Its bright red fruit attracts birds. Grow in sun or shade, especially if soil is slightly acid. Fragrance of fruit is said to reduce anxiety.~~Plant in rows for a better yield or in hills for higher quality fruit. In cold winters, protect plants with mulch.
Several deliciously fragrant flowers in many colors grow gracefully on wiry stems above miniature gladiolus-like leaves. Excellent cut flowers. Native to South Africa, theyÆre a popular bulb for borders, rock gardens and containers in mild winter climates (zones 9 to 11).~~In colder areas, plant corms in spring. In all areas, grow as houseplants for indoor blooming. When foliage dies down in fall, withhold water. In cold climates, lift and store bulbs in a frost-free place or grow in pots in a sunny window. Self-sows if faded flowers arenÆt removed.
Cherished for their nodding, bell-shaped flowers which often have delicate, checkered patterns, most are best suited to rock and woodland gardens in filtered shade. One species, F. imperialis, has brightly colored, showy clusters of flowers. Plant it with tulips, daffodils and hyacinths for spring blossoming in borders or containers. Close-up, flowers and bulbs have an unpleasant odor. Plant bulbs in well-drained, organic soil. After flowering, gradually withhold water so plants go dormant in summer. Keep moderately dry until fall.
These annuals and perennials are valued for their showy, often bicolored, daisy-like flowers. Easy to grow, they tolerate heat and some drought, and bloom for several months. Excellent cut flowers and in borders. ~~Deadhead old flowers to lengthen the blooming season. Need full sun and well-drained soils. Propagate by seed. Often naturalizes by reseeding itself.
These durable, long-lived North and South American native perennials are drought-tolerant. A deep taproot enables them to survive in hot, dry climates. Well-drained soil is essential. An occasional deep watering during dry seasons improves their appearance. Use in informal borders.~~Start by seed or division of mature plants. Remove spent flower stalks to lengthen blooming and prevent self-sowing.
Rich tones bloom coral, gold, primrose and cream on this narrow-petaled, most elegant of daisies. A favorite of gardeners and florists alike, theyÆre perfect plants for the summer cutting garden. Like excellent drainage, deep watering between dry periods and fertilizer. Double-flowering types available. Buy plants or divide large clumps. Difficult from seed. If you try, barely cover the seeds with soil as they need light to germinate. In cold winter areas, bring pots inside for winter color. Watch for snails and slugs.
Use these perennials with their intensely-colored, Rose-like flowers and dense mounds of rounded, green leaves in mixed perennial borders or cutting gardens. Double, semi-double or single blooms are bright yellow, white or red. Best in northern climates in full sun with well-drained, organic soil and ample moisture. Evergreen foliage in warmer climates. Use taller plants in borders. ~~Start by division or seed.
The small, ball-shaped, papery flowers bloom nonstop in colors that include red, pink, lavender, white and orange. Use in edging, in beds or containers. Excellent cut flowers for fresh and dried arrangements. Varieties growing 2 to 3 ft. (60 to 90 cm) tall are better for cutting. ~~Dwarf varieties, from 10 to 12 in. (25 to 30 cm) tall, form low, mounding plants. Plants thrive in heat and full sun. ~~Water moderately, and avoid overwatering. To harvest for drying, pick when flowers are fully open, then hang upside down in a dry place out of direct sunlight.
This Japanese native is grown for its delicate, bamboo-like, weeping foliage. The slow-spreading, dense clumps are excellent in woodland, Japanese, shady or semi-shady gardens and containers. The finely textured leaves contrast nicely with other, larger-leafed shade plants such as Anemone, Foxglove, Hosta and Heuchera. The green or golden leaves turn pink-red to buff in fall.~~Plant near water, but must have good drainage. For best color, don't grow in deep shade or hot sun. Divide in early spring.
Best known for the bright, cheery "sunflowers", this genus contains around 150 species. Sunflowers grown specifically for their sunny flowers comprise only a hand full of those. Several species are grown commercially for their edible seeds which are consumed by humans, birds and poultry, and used for making oil. The Jerusalem artichoke is another member with important food value.~~Although the most commonly grown of the ornamentals is the large flowering type with thick stalks and grand heart-shaped leaves, there are shruby multi-branching types, dwarfs, and compact type plants available. Most of the ornamental sunflowers are annuals, but there are some perennials. The majority are easily grown from seed. Divisions can be made from some perennials and others even produce offsets. All sunflowers will grow in just about any type of soil as long as they have regular water to get established. As they mature, they become nearly drought tolerant, but regular water and early fertilizing will produce the huge country fair winners! Naturally, being the sun goddess plants, they prefer direct, full sun.
This group includes low perennial shrubs and plants grown for their leaves and used in bedding, containers and borders. The annuals, such as the commonly planted strawflower, are mainstays for dried arrangements. Both are excellent for hot, sunny locations, as they need little water once established and require good drainage. Strawflower blooms look like small, brightly-colored sunflowers. Use standard, tall varieties in cutting gardens, as they tend to be leggy and arenÆt good-looking garden plants. Dwarf varieties, 10 to 12 in. (25 to 30 cm) high, bloom in many colors including red, pink, yellow and white. Start Strawflowers from seed sown in the ground, uncovered, as they need light to germinate. For dried arrangements, harvest when flowers are full open, then hang upside down in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight.
A slightly larger and coarser version of a clumping blue Fescue Grass, these striking grasses require full sun and good drainage. Good in rock gardens. ~~Start by seed or division. Remove old foliage by running your fingers through its airy clumps of foliage and gently pulling the old leaves out. Insects rarely attack grasses.
Where bold, sunflower-like blooms have plenty of room to grow, these North American native perennials show off. These 3- to 5-ft. (90-cm to 1.5-m)-tall plants are easy to grow. Their long-stalks and 2- to 3-in. (5- to 7.5-cm)-wide blooms in late summer to early autumn make them excellent cut flowers. Cold hardy. Single-flowered types are more drought-tolerant than double-flowered. Prefer full sun and well-drained soil. Use for informal borders or in wild gardens. Plant self-sows.~~Start by seed and division. Seeds sown outdoors in ordinary dry soil will produce flowers for cutting the second year.
Highly-prized, long-lived perennials with evergreen foliage. Winter to early spring-blooming flowers come in a wide range of colors. Excellent for perennial borders, woodland gardens and as cut flowers. Plant with azaleas, rhododendrons and ferns. The helleborus niger is called the Christmas rose because legend has it that it bloomed on the first Christmas Eve. Slow to re-establish after transplant. Grows slowly by seed. Divide in late summer or fall.
Unusual flowers resemble a daffodil surrounded by a ring of 6 spider-like petals. The Peruvian daffodil is a summer-flowering bulb good for borders and containers. Each bulb produces 3 to 4 fragrant blooms of white with green stripes on tall leafless flower stalks. Leaves are long and strap-like. Hardy in warm winter climates, but can be grown in colder climates. Grow from bulbs or seed. Variety æSulphureaÆ has pale yellow flowers; æAdvanceÆ blooms pure white.
For instant color, plant Impatiens en masse in shade gardens with Ferns and Hostas, or in containers and hanging baskets. These long-blooming annuals and perennials come in many colors and forms, but the most popular and commonly-grown type is Busy Lizzie (I. wallerana). As compact, mounding plants, they are covered with blossoms from late spring to early fall. The New Guinea variety have larger but fewer flowers and variegated leaves and need more sun than other types. Excellent as accent container plants. The more upright-growing I. balsamina produces flowers along the main stem and branches. ~~All need lots of water. Where summers are hot and humid, plant in full sun with adequate water, but they do better with some shade. In hot dry summer areas, plant in partial shade. Perennials grown as annuals may survive mild winters, but replant in spring for vigorous, generous-blooming plants.
This unusual, deciduous perennial has deep crimson-red leaf blades whose colors intensify in fall. Plants spread slowly to form 1-ft. (30 cm)-wide clumps. Plant in masses in perennial borders, along ponds and streams or in containers. Use as contrast to coarse-textured plants and those with dark foliage. In hot summer areas, they do best in partial shade. In cooler areas, they need full sun for best foliage color. ~~Start by division in early spring. Cut back branches with dead leaves to ground in winter or early spring.
Exotic trumpet-shaped flowers grace this group of perennials from Asia. There are 14 species of which one, Incarvillea delavayi, is commonly available. Others are Incarvillea mairei grandiflora with larger pink flowers and Incarvillea arguta with smaller pink flowers. The flowers are usually pink, but a rare white version is sometimes available.~~Easy to grow from seed. Available as bareroot plants in late winter or in containers in spring. Watch for root rot in waterlogged winter soil. Need some shade in hot, humid areas. If you arenÆt saving seed, remove the flower stalks when spent. Allow foliage to die back naturally. Lift and store roots in soil in cold climates.
These robust daisy relatives are easy to grow in most zones. Use in flower borders and cutting and wild gardens. Their sunny yellow flowers have delicate-looking threadlike petals. Sold in spring in containers, so they can be planted in time for summer bloom. You can plant them at any point during your growing season.
This spring bulb has fragrant, white, star-shaped flowers blushed with blue and grassy foliage. Use as an edging or small-scale ground cover in woodland, rock and wild gardens. Plant along pathways or in front of flower borders where early blooms can be best appreciated. The leaves smell like onions, so donÆt plant where theyÆll be crushed. ~~Easily established, plants multiply year-after-year.
This genus contains many ornamental perennial or annual vines as well as the edible sweet potato. Often mistaken for yams, sweet potatoes are members of the morning glory family rather than nightshades. Sweet potatoes are a diet staple in the tropics and American south. Long hot summers are needed to produce the large, thick, sweetly flavored orange, yellow or white tubers. Baked, boiled, fried in tempura, or used in pie, this is a versatile food.~~As the common name suggests, Morning Glory's showy, trumpet shaped flowers open in the morning and close as the day gets hotter. They can be trained up trellises or along fencing, used as ground cover, or planted in a container to cascade over a wall or post. The flowers vary in colors, whites, blues, reds, and can be solid , bicolor, or striped. They are truly versatile. All prefer full sun and regular water until established. Most can be grown from seed which is thick-walled and sprouts quicker with scarification. Some Ipomoeas can also be propagated by cuttings, divisions, or layering.
Their dainty spring blooms come in a rainbow of colors and are excellent for flower gardens, containers and cutting gardens. Commonly grown types include English, Spanish and Dutch hybrid irises. The dwarf violet-scented Iris (I. Reticulata), with purple flowers edged in gold, is often grown in rock gardens. Plant dormant bulbs along with Tulips and Daffodils. Allow to become relatively dry during summer, until growth resumes in the fall or early spring.
Of the 60 to 70 known species, only Kniphofia uvaria is available in nurseries. Native to Africa, poker plants are grown for their unusual spire-like, bicolor flowers which change color as they open from the bottom up. Easy-to-grow, the foliage is a dense, grassy clump. Seedlings, including those with dwarf habits, are available in various heights and colors. Put in informal plantings with other drought-tolerant perennials and shrubs. Poker plants are available in containers from spring on. Cold climate gardeners must mulch heavily, or lift and store the plants in a cool cellar for winter. Grows easily from seeds or divide for new plants.
One of the quickest and easiest vegetables to grow, lettuce thrives in cool, moist weather. Varieties include iceberg, green or red leaf, tender Boston or Bibb, and upright crisp romaine. Leaf types are easier to grow than head lettuce, which goes to seed (bolts) in hot weather.~~Needs full sun or part shade in warm weather. Plant among taller vegetables such as onions or broccoli. Fill in with lettuce seedlings after other vegetables are harvested. Sow seeds at 2-week intervals starting in early spring until 1.5 to 2 months before hot weather starts. For fall harvest, sow in late summer and early fall. Grown almost year-round in warm winter climates. Harvest leaf lettuce leaf-by-leaf or as entire plants. Harvest Boston lettuce once loose heads form, and head lettuce after heads are firm.
Small, white, bell-shaped flowers with distinct green markings at the end of each petal bloom in late winter or early spring. Excellent for naturalizing in woodland and rock gardens or under shrubs and trees. Easy to grow. ~~Dig up bulblets formed by established plants in late summer when plants go dormant, and replant. Divide only when plants get crowded.
Perfect for rock gardens, the flowers on these succulent perennials make a tidy but eye-catching show in spring. While prized by lovers of alpine plants, Lewisias have a tendency to rot. They need excellent drainage, and are well-suited to containers. Add fine gravel to the soil. Deciduous varieties need a drying-out period after flowering, so water infrequently. Evergreen types need some shade. Sold in containers or start from seed.
Native to the American prairies, showy gayfeathers grow near rudbeckia and echinacea. Butterflies enjoy their tall, plumelike white or purple flowers which appear in summer from the tops of leaves. Mix with other perennials in the back of borders or in cutting gardens. Sold as bareroot plants in winter or in containers. Lift and divide the fleshy roots in spring or fall.
This dramatic foliage perennial has large, deep green, rounded leaves and tall spikes of yellow and orange flowers. Plant with fine-leafed perennials such as ornamental grasses to highlight the textural contrasts. Easy to grow with abundant moisture. Plant in afternoon shade in hot climates. ~~Start by cuttings or division.
No cutting garden would be complete without statice. Dried flower arrangements require it. This popular group of flowers is as useful in the vase as it is in the garden. The annual varieties come in a rainbow of colors while the perennials are usually lavender, blue, or white. Besides making a good cut flower, statice is an easy and showy garden plant, useful in perennial and annual borders as well as containers. They enjoy full sun in northern zones but need some shade in the South. Annual statice is purchased in cell packs in the spring. Perennial varieties are available in containers throughout the growing season. Both types are easy from seed.
Annual lobelias are low-growing, compact, spreading plants which produce masses of small vibrant flowers in shades of purple, blue, white, pink and red. Excellent for edging, rock gardens, or cascading down hanging baskets or containers. ~~Best grown in cool climates. In hot summer areas, plant in partial shade. Slow from seed, so start with plants in the spring. In mild winters, plant will self-sow and flower again in spring. Shear after blooms fade to promote reflowering.
Old-fashioned favorites, the dainty, spreading plants are covered with clusters of small, sweetly fragrant flowers. Bees love the lavender, purple, rose and white blossoms. Plant as a ground cover annual, as edging, between stepping stones, and in rock gardens, containers, and hanging baskets. Sometimes comes as part of wildflower seed packs. Invaluable companions to spring-flowering bulbs because they bloom long after others are finished. ~~Flowers continuously in warm winter climates, and seeds itself in all areas. However, is best in cool weather. In hot summer areas, plant in partial shade for richer colors. Once flowers fade, shear lightly to promote a whole new crop of flowers and keep plant from becoming leggy.
Famous even in ShakespeareÆs time, their round, silvery seed pods, appearing in winter, attract more attention than their violet or white, often fragrant, spring flowers. Used in dried arrangements, the pods remain on the stems after leaves and flowers are gone. These tough, easy-to-grow plants reach 1.5 to 3 ft. (45 to 90 cm) high and have heart-shaped, sawtooth-edged leaves. They like sandy, damp, shady places. Self-sow and can become invasive. Called 'honesty' because the seeds can be seen through the translucent pods. Start from seed.
Hardy in poor soils, plant varieties of old-fashioned campion in flower borders, cutting gardens and wild gardens. Flowers range from rich magenta and orange to the softest pastels to white. Easily grown from seed, they may be sown in wildflower fashion in fall or spring. Perennial types are available in cell packs or larger containers in fall or spring.
Unusual bulbs with intricate spidery or lily-like blooms seem to magically appear in the fall after leaves have died down in summer. Strap-like leaves appear in spring. Several species are available with red, yellow and pink flowers. Bulbs are poisonous. Grow in bedding or containers. Plant with tulips and daffodils. Let dry out in summer.
Easy to grow, these often invasive plants enjoy moist places near ponds and streams. Of the many plants with this common name, some are low ground covers, also good in hanging pots, and others are tall and make good cut flowers. Best grown in harsh northern climates or dry western states where cold or drought prevents it from becoming weedy. Buy in containers or divide for new plants. Some purple loosestrife are so invasive theyÆre illegal in some counties. Check about restrictions in your area.
Grown for their dramatic foliage, the flowers are insignificant compared to the large blue-green leaves. When they reach 7 or 8 ft. (2.25 or 2.5 m) tall, you can see the powdery white undersides of the lobed leaves. ~~Keep an eye on this plant as it spreads rapidly in moist areas. Buy in containers or divide for new plants.
These bold plants really show off in the back of perennial or shrub borders or the wild garden. Their crepe-paper-like flowers resemble Hollyhocks and range from white to purple to lavender-pink. Some mallows have deeply cut, lacy leaves; others have large, rounded leaves. All have flattened, round seed clusters that resemble tiny cheese rounds. ~~Easily grown in zones 4 to 7 in full sun and deep soil. In other zones, they may suffer from rust and caterpillar attack. Sold in containers in the spring. Grown from seed, they often bloom the first year. Self-sow freely.
Gardeners and florists love stockÆs sweet clove-scented flowers. Short spikes of single or double flowers in white, pink, red, purple and bicolors bloom above hairy, greenish-gray foliage. More fragrant at night, so plant beneath windows, along walkways and patios or in containers. Excellent as a cut flower. Grows and flowers best in cool spring weather and early fall. In mild winter areas, set plants out in fall for winter bloom. Will often seed themselves.
Bees love the inconspicuous white flowers on this herb, and, appropriately, Melissa is Greek for bee. Use Lemon BalmÆs deliciously lemon-scented leaves in tea or fruit salads, and to spice up fish dishes. Try dried leaves in sachets or potpourri. ~~Hardy and easily-grown in herb gardens or pots. Fast-spreading, it has become naturalized in some areas as it sows itself. Shear back often to keep it neat. Grow from seed or root divisions.
Delightfully easy to grow, mint varieties are used to flavor everything from toothpaste to jelly to liquor. Plants range from low ground covers, which scent the air when walked on, to 2 ft. (60 cm) flowering spikes. Drought-tolerant, they grow nearly anywhere, and spread rampantly by tough underground stems. Invasive, so grow in pots to contain spreading. Keep flowers cut. All mints enjoy moist conditions and partial shade. Buy in containers or divide old plants.
Small spikes of tiny, fragrant flowers make grape hyacinth a delight for the eye and nose. Perfect for a childÆs garden, its flowers look and even smell a little like bunches of grapes. As a ground cover, use along walks, and edges of flower borders or let grow wild in woodland and rock gardens. Excellent combined with tulips and daffodils. Also good in containers indoors or out. Plant in fall. If left undisturbed, long-lived bulbs multiply rapidly to form large clusters of plants that live through snow. Lift and divide after flowering or when grass-like foliage dies down in late summer.
These annuals, biennials and perennials are excellent in beds, flower borders, woodland and rock gardens and containers. Long-blooming, they begin flowering blue, pink or white in late spring and continue through the summer. Short-lived annuals do best in cool and moist conditions. There, they often naturalize and self-seed year after year. Plant all with other shade- and moisture-lovers such as primula, trollius and hosta. ~~In mild climates, sow seeds of annuals in early fall for winter and spring bloom. In cold climates, sow indoors in March. Also protect roots of perennials in winter. If you want annuals to naturalize, leave spent flowers on plants to allow development and scattering of seeds.
Their bright-colored flowers have been a symbol of spring since ancient times. Easy to grow, versatile, and rewarding, Daffodils are hardy in cold and heat, and their bulbs multiply in the ground every year. And more good news: gophers donÆt like them! Superb as cut flowers. Plant them under shrubs and trees, near water, and in beddings, borders, woodland, and rock gardens and containers. You can force bulbs to bloom in winter by starting them indoors. ~~The many species and hybrids offer a wide range of flower types including the large trumpets, frilly doubles, miniatures, and pink- and multiple-flowering jonquil hybrids. Expand your blooming season by planting early-, mid-, and late-blooming varieties. ~~Plant in fall so flowers can open to the spring sun. Good drainage is essential. After bloom, remove foliage only when mature and yellowed to ensure next yearÆs flowers.
For jewel-like edging, border, rock garden, hanging basket or containers plants, their clusters of cup-like blooms fit the bill. These rapid-growing 1- to 2-ft. (30 to 60 cm)-tall plants are excellent cut flowers. Long-flowering, the 0.75-in. (2 cm)-wide flowers bloom in white, bronze, crimson, yellow, pink, lavender-blue and bicolors. A dwarf type is also available. This South African annual likes cool, dry summers, and does best in cool coastal or mountain areas, where summer nights drop below 65 deg. F. Start from seed 4 to 6 weeks before last spring frost. In frost-free areas, sow seeds in fall for winter and spring flowering. Pinch to encourage bushy growth.
Perfect for hot and humid climates, these poisonous long-bloomers are beautiful in leaf and flower. The often sweetly-scented annuals and perennials have clusters of star-shaped flowers in red, white, green and pink. The flowers grow above large, light green, oval leaves covered with sticky hairs in summer and early fall. Many modern annual varieties bloom during the day and have no scent. For a night garden, the flowers of the very fragrant N. alata æGrandifloraÆ, like some other varieties, open in the evening. These strictly ornamental plants are distant relatives of smoking tobacco (N. tabacum). Plant seeds or plants only after soil has warmed. Fertilize early and regularly. Some types seed themselves. All parts are poisonous if eaten.
Mounding or mat-like, Cupflowers can be grown in most areas--as annuals in zones 3 to 6 and as perennials in zones 7 to 10. Good edging, container, and front-of-the-border plants, their delicate bell-like purple or white flowers are long-blooming. ~~Shear back after flowering to remove seed heads or allow them to ripen and harvest the seed. Sold in cell packs in spring.
BasilÆs name comes from the Greek word for royal, and the rich flavor of its leaves is fit for royalty. Highly prized fresh or dried, itÆs an essential ingredient in such Italian dishes as pesto and tomato sauces. Greek, Portuguese, and Mexican cuisines call for special varieties of Basil. Thai or Licorice Basil is used in many Thai dishes. PlantsÆ leaves are green, purple or variegated with scented white or purple flowers. Pick larger leaves for stronger flavor.
Rough and tough American natives, the many varieties of evening primrose are grown for their showy yellow, pink or white cup-shaped flowers. Their petals often have a satiny sheen or delicate shading that makes them irresistible. True to their name, some evening primrose flowers open only in the evening or on cloudy days. Varieties that open during the day are called sundrops--though youÆll still see some referred to as evening primroses. Use in wild or meadow gardens and in the front of flower borders. Given full sun, most require little care. Plants are sold throughout the growing season, and seed is easy to germinate.
Mentioned in the Bible, these star-shaped white or cream flower clusters on tall, green, strap- or grass-like foliage are excellent for cutting. Use in borders, woodland and rock gardens or containers. Also grown as house plants. Best in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil. Most bulbs are cold-hardy, but prefer warm temperatures. Water during growth and blooming season.
One of the most-loved and spectacular flowers, the Herbaceous Peony is coveted by florists and gardeners alike. Up to 10-in. (25 cm)-wide, the often fragrant flowers bloom single (uncommon), semi-double or double, and range from pure white to deep red. Some smell like roses. Easy-to-grow, some 2 to 4 ft. (60 cm to 1.25 m) clumps live decades, even a century. Plant roots 1 to 2 in. (2.5 to 5 cm) deep in rich, fertile soil and theyÆll never need to be replaced. Use as large shrub borders.~~Less weather-tolerant than Tree Peonies, they need cold winters and full sun for bloom. Check specialty nurseries for warm climate varieties. Buy as bareroot divisions in fall or container plants in spring.
Best in cold climates, the alpine poppy is a low-growing perennial that forms tufts of blue-green leaves and produces silky flowers in spring and summer. Often grown as an annual or biennial, plants are easy from seed and will bloom the first year after sowing in the fall or early spring. Best in well-drained, fertile soils. Can be transplanted when dormant but difficult to re-establish.
Widely planted, the hundreds of geranium varieties are robust plants that bloom in summer and fall. The flowers come in shades of red, purple, pink, white, orange and bicolors, in bold or intricate shapes. Leaves are velvety, colorfully marked, variegated or scented. Zonal geraniums, whose leaves have zones of contrasting color, bloom non-stop. Many varieties have distinctive leaves marked with white, silver, bronze and gold patterns. Use as centerpieces, in window boxes or containers with other sun-loving annuals such as petunias, trailing vinca and sweet alyssum. Use ivy-leaved geraniums with trailing stems in hanging baskets or raised beds, or as a ground cover on unused banks. Scented geraniums are best indoors, out in pots or planted along walkways where their scent can be fully appreciated. Use leaves to flavor cakes and jellies. ~~Pinch growth tips early to encourage bushiness, and use them to start new plants. Or buy cell packs in spring. Plant only ivy-leaved geraniums in partial shade. In mild winter climates plants are perennial. Elsewhere, put in a sunny window indoors in fall. Watch for geranium (tobacco) budworm.
These small ferns have dainty fronds with a leathery texture, and vary from tender house plants to fairly hardy garden ferns. Their charm comes from the small bronze, gray or bright green leaflets held by contrasting black stems. Outdoors, they feel at home among rocks and near small waterfalls or streams. Plant in containers indoors or out. ~~Usually found in the house plant section of nurseries.
These mostly tufted or clump-forming, ornamental grasses have fuzzy, spike-like flowers that look like narrow bottlebrushes. Drought-resistant, these annuals and perennials prefer dry locations, but grow in most soils. Use stems in flower arrangements. Some types naturalize freely and can become weedy pests. Cut stems before flowers go to seed to control growth. ~~Start most by plant division or seed. Plant the crown of the plant above ground level to prevent crown rot.
These uncommon plants resemble small dianthus with their little white or pink flowers and grassy foliage. Well-suited to the rock garden because of their tiny, tidy habit. There are annual and perennial types, but only one perennial species is common. Also called tunica, they reseed well. Buy in containers from garden centers or specialty nurseries.
A popular garnish, sprinkle fresh or dried Parsley on potatoes or in soups, or use as a substitute for basil in pesto. Full foliage makes it attractive in herb, vegetable or flower gardens. A creative use for the curly type is as an edging in an annual bed. ~~Biennial, though grown as an annual. Best planted new every year. If allowed to bloom, second-year foliage isnÆt tasty. The flowers, however, attract beneficial insects such as hoverflies. Harmless green and yellow caterpillars, called parsleyworms, eat some leaves but turn into swallowtail butterflies. ~~Seeds are difficult to germinate, so use transplants. In areas with cloudy summers, grow parsley in full sun. In other areas, grow in partial shade.
This genus includes both the decorative Chinese lantern and several edible species. Although not well known, tomatillos are gaining in popularity as more cooks try their hand at Mexican cooking. The cherry tomato-like fruit are green to yellow when ripe and covered by papery husks which are removed before cooking. The fruit has a sweet, yet lemony taste and may be used raw in salads, sauces or garnishes, or cooked and pureed. Related to tomatoes, these vining plants are easy to grow in areas with long summers. Best in full sun with staking. Pests and diseases are the same as tomatoes. Harvest about 100 days from planting.
A good cut flower, false dragonhead blooms in late summer when other flowers don't. The buds on its branched spikes of flowers grow with geometrical precision on three sides of the stalk. The top of the stalk has tightly-closed buds, the lower buds slightly larger and the bottom ones fully open, funnel-shaped flowers. Use in moist borders and around ponds. If you twist the flowers on the stem, they stay in position, hence the second name, obedience plant.~~Thin frequently and prune spent flower stalks to encourage new ones. Sold in containers in the spring.
One of the easiest and most reliable perennials, it's aptly named for its unusual flower buds which are shaped like hot air balloons. The long blooming, blue, white or pink, star-shaped flowers appear from early summer through early fall. Tough, heat-tolerant and long-lived, light bluish-green foliage forms neat clumps.~~Excellent cut flowers if ends are seared with a flame after cutting. ~~Start easily by seed, or with difficulty by division of the thick roots in spring. Protect roots from gophers. Often one of the last perennials to emerge in spring, be sure to mark its spot to avoid digging up or damaging the shoots and roots.
Offering clusters of summer color for shady places, most species are wildflowers native to North America. Flowers in blue, pink or white. The attractive foliage has a divided, fernlike appearance. Use in cool, moist woodland or shady rock gardens. Plant with hosta, ferns, bleeding heart, lilies, hellebores and campanulas. Sold in containers throughout the growing season. Easily grown from seed or divided plants.
Few flowers can match their intense, sweet fragrance. The white flower spikes bloom in late summer, when many others are past their prime. Excellent for flower borders, containers and as cut flowers. Plant where their fragrance can be best appreciated. Native to Mexico, theyÆre hardy in zones 9-11. ~~Plant after weather has fully warmed. In mild climates, after bulbs flower they split into small divisions and wonÆt bloom the next year, but will the second year. As bulbs multiply, youÆll get blooms year after year. In zone 5 and colder, start indoors 4 to 6 weeks early so plants have time to flower before frost. Water after leaves appear. Divide clumps every 4 years.
Great for sun-drenched gardens, moss rose is a long-blooming, low-growing annual ground cover. Small red, pink, yellow, orange or white rose-shaped flowers open in the morning and close by afternoon, so they arenÆt good cut flowers. Some newer varieties stay open all day. Established plants are highly heat- and drought-tolerant. Will grow in any soil, but flowers best in poor soils. Excellent for edging, in rock gardens, containers and hanging baskets.~~Plants often reseed.
Perfect for shady, moist areas, perennial Primroses provide a rainbow of color where many other flowers would sulk. Primrose societies have developed around these popular plants. With more than 600 species, flower shapes range from drumstick-like spikes to elegant, tiered clusters resembling candelabras. Keep them cool and moist, as along small streams and near ponds. Grow with Rhododendrons.~~Short-lived, but hardy, Primroses are available in spring in containers. Many types grow easily from fresh seed, but some are difficult to sow and to grow.
A long-time favorite, these miniature floral bouquets in a rainbow of colors are signs of spring. Excellent for bedding, edging and containers, theyÆre especially effective with spring blooming bulbs. Many long-blooming, large-flowered varieties are available which provide instant color in late winter through spring. Most are short-lived perennials, replanted with summer-blooming annuals. Attract butterflies. Easy to grow in partial shade, and moist, humus-rich soil. Dislike winter dampness and summer heat.~~Start by seed or division. Watch for red spider mites.
Evergreen foliage, long bloom and ease of care make this useful for edging, rock gardens and the front of flower borders. P. vulgaris' first use through the centuries has been to stop bleeding and promote healing. The weedy type invades lawns and blooms by roadsides and in fields, but larger, hybrid types are easy to control. ~~Buy in containers or get divisions. Shear spent flowers to encourage bloom. Reseeds freely.
Offering deep color under trees, lungwort will grow in shady areas where other flowering plants won't. Like others in the borage family its clusters of flowers change color as they age, from pink or red to blue. This accounts for one of the common name: soldiers and sailors. Some foliage is white-spotted, often spectacularly so. Good in containers, and as edging with ferns, azaleas and rhododendrons. Easy care. Water after planting and during extended dry spells. Divide for new plants.
These fascinating flowers, once sacred to the early Celtic priests known as druids, emerge from a nest of silky leaves. Flowers are followed by fuzzy seed heads which catch the light in the morning and evening. Of about 12 species, only P. vulgaris is commonly grown. Others are found at nurseries specializing in rock garden plants. ~~Need full sun in the North and partial shade in the South.
In cold climates striped squillsÆ small bluish-white flowers poke out of the snow. Like its relative the true squill (scilla), it's excellent along pathways and in open woodlands, rock gardens and containers. Most effective when planted in drifts and left undisturbed to multiply and self-seed. Best in cold winter climates. Keep relatively dry after plants go dormant in summer. Bulbs donÆt grow well indoors.
Like small, brightly-colored peonies, ranunculus flowers offer masses of spring color for sunny borders or containers. Plant with tall flowers, such as snapdragons, Iceland poppies, or with daffodils, as ranunculus blooms later. Most varieties are double flowering, in mixed, spotted or single colors, including shades of white, red, pink orange and yellow. Birds relish the leaves, so protect young plants with mesh or wire screening. Excellent cut flowers.~~Plant the claw-like tubers with pointed ends down in fall in mild climates or in spring in colder climates. Watch for slugs. Dig up and store tubers over winter. If left in ground in mild winter areas, keep soil dry over summer.
One of the longest-blooming perennials in mild climates, the elegant, trumpet-like flowers and medium-green, fuzzy foliage is easy to grow. Flowers vary from deep rose to pinkish-purple, with yellow throats spotted with purplish-red. Foliage forms clumps 1 to 2 ft. (30 to 60 cm) across. Spreads underground to form colonies. Use in perennial borders or woodland gardens. Grow in sun or shade. ~~To start, dig new plants from a colony, take cuttings or sow seed.
Their tasty, tangy, green or red stems are pretty enough for the vegetable or flower garden. Use stewed in pies, sauces and preserves, even in wine. Also excellent baked. Eat stalks only, as the leaves are poisonous. Hardy, they grow best where thereÆs 2 months of winter freezing and a long cool spring. In mild winter areas, use varieties that need less chilling.~~Sow seed in spring, or plant root divisions, which produce quicker and more reliable crops. Harvest first few stems the 2nd year after planting. Wait until the 3rd or 4th years for full, 8- to 10-week harvest. Harvest stalks of 1 in. (2.5 cm) or more diameter by gently twisting sideways near the base. Cut off flowering stalks to keep plants vigorous. Divide and replant when plants lose vigor and stalks become small.
These bold-leafed perennials are choice plants for shady woodland gardens, flower borders and along ponds, streams or bogs. The large, umbrella-shaped leaves are deeply veined and divided into sections. Plants spread slowly to form sizable clumps. Small, fluffy white or pink flowers bloom on tall, branched stems. Best in partial shade, protected from strong winds. Tolerate full sun only where soil is constantly moist. Plant with other moisture- and shade-lovers such as Primulas, Rhododendron and Ferns. Start by seed or division of roots in spring.
Relatives of wild plants from eastern North America, coneflowers brighten perennial borders, meadows and wild gardens with months of late season color. Flowers are daisylike in shades of orange and yellow, and some are double-petaled. Tall, tough, and easy to grow in all but soggy soils, they are cheerful and showy in a vase. Annuals are available in cell packs in spring, or sow seeds directly in the garden like other wildflowers. Perennials are sold in containers in spring.
The feathery blue-gray leaves and tiny yellow flowers of Rue contrast nicely with the green foliage of other herbs, perennials and shrubs. Use it as an aromatic background plant. Once thought to have medicinal benefits, Rue is not safe to eat. Its decorative dried seed clusters are used in wreaths.~~Available in the herb or perennial sections of nurseries. Grown from seed but superior, bluer varieties start from cuttings. Plant transplants 1 ft. (30 cm) apart.
Annual salvias or sages are grown for their showy flower spikes, which provide a long season of color from early summer through fall. The popular scarlet sage from Brazil has vivid, scarlet flowers which attract hummingbirds, but the blooms lose their color after cutting. Varieties are also available with salmon, purple and white flowers. Mealy-cup sage, a Texas native, has airy blue or white flowers and silver foliage that reaches 3 ft. (90 cm) in height. Good in rock gardens. Plant any type in masses in bedding, edging and containers.~~Start from seed 8 to 10 weeks before last frost in full sun or light shade. Need light to germinate, so donÆt cover with soil. Avoid overwatering. Pinch seedlings or transplants at 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) tall to encourage branching.
Easy-to-grow annuals and perennials with soft pastel-colored flowers, only the rock soapwort is common. Other varieties include the roadside weed, bouncing bet. Grow in almost any soil. Low-growing rock garden types available from specialty nurseries only. Some annual types resembling babyÆs breath which you see in florists' shops arenÆt available to home gardeners.
Aromatic and easy-to-grow, three types of savory are common--annual summer savory, perennial winter savory and perennial yerba buena. Fresh and dried leaves are used in various cuisines. Summer and winter savory are called the bean herbs since their flavor complements beans. Use also for fish, eggs, meats and soups. Plant in herb gardens or containers. Not as flavorful as summer savory, winter savory flowers in white to lilac, which attracts bees. Trim and shape this low-spreader for knot gardens. The leaves of the creeping yerba buena are used in tea. Sow seeds or buy plants in the herb sections of nurseries.
Excellent rock garden plants, these low-growing, compact plants have pink, white, purple or yellow clusters of flowers on tall stems. Also used in troughs or as edging. Foliage is moss-like or has thick, fleshy leaves, some with silver edges, that change color with the seasons. Need good drainage, some moisture and cool temperatures. The cold-hardy S. stolonifera, strawberry geranium, is used as a hanging houseplant. Some types, such as S. paniculata, need alkaline soil and tolerate more sun. A few varieties are commonly available, but specialty nurseries have dozens. Start from seed in spring, or by division of roots in spring or summer. Plant bulblets of some species.
Create a sweep of blue, white, purplish-pink or violet-blue siberian squill that carpets the ground in early spring. If left undisturbed, these low-growing plants seed themselves like wildflowers and form large masses. Perfect for growing wild under deciduous trees and shrubs and in open meadows, woodland and rock gardens and containers. Excellent cut flowers. Plants thrive in cold climates and donÆt perform well in zones 9 to 11.
Resembling miniature hollyhocks, the silky-petaled, elegant spikes make good cut flowers. Prune old flower stalks to the ground to encourage more blooms. Taller varieties might need staking. Buy in containers in spring.
Funnel-shaped flowers open into brightly-colored petals in spring on these South African natives. Sword-shaped leaves and stems reach 6 to 12 in. (15 to 30 cm) high. Not cold hardy, so grow under glass in northern climates. Use in borders, rock gardens and containers in mild climates. Good cut flowers. S. grandiflora has yellow or purple blooms.~~Dig up and store bulbs before first frost.
A versatile and nutritious vegetable, eaten raw and cooked, high in vitamins A and C, itÆs one of the most challenging to grow. Plants need cool moist weather or they will bolt, forming blossoms and seeds in high temperatures and increasing sun during spring. Use bolt-, mildew- and yellow fusarium-resistant varieties. ~~Plant seeds as early in spring as possible, 6 to 8 weeks before last frost date. Or plant, in late summer and fall 1 to 1.5 months before first frost date. In mild winter areas, seeds can also be sown in winter. Soil should drain well, and have adequate water. Thin every other plant when leaves begin to crowd, and eat thinnings. Plants benefit from regular high-nitrogen fertilizer. ~~Harvest 4 to 6 weeks after seeds sown, when leaves are 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) long. In summer, try New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia expansa) or Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) which are warm-growing vegetables with spinach-like taste.
The large, long-blooming flowers of Stokes Aster can reach 4 in. (10 cm) across. Despite short stems, they make excellent cut flowers. Colors include white, lavender, blue and a rare yellow. Use the rugged plants in the front of flower borders, cutting gardens or in containers. Its tidy, dark green, lance-shaped leaves are evergreen in warm winter areas. ~~Buy in containers in the spring.
Graceful with slim vertical lines of flower stalks and foliage, Bird of Paradise is a tropical, long-lasting plant. Gardeners in zone 10 find it an easy, drought-tolerant, landscape or container plant. In other zones, grow them as house plants. Both the Common and Giant Birds of Paradise have leathery banana-like leaves. The Common has colorful, feathery petals rising from a beak-shaped base. The Giant Bird of Paradise can get 10 to 15 ft. (3 to 4.5 m) tall and has a hidden inconspicuous flower. Good for use by pools.~~Sold in containers in the landscape or house plant sections of nurseries.
Native to Mexico and Central America, few flowers are as reliable and more widely--and easily--grown than marigolds. Their non-stop flowers bloom in intense shades and mixtures of orange, yellow, maroon, mahogany red, and creamy white. The pompon-shaped flowers are single, double, or crested. Plants come in dwarf (6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm)), medium (9 in. to 3 ft. (22.5 to 90 cm)), and tall (3 to 4 ft. (90 cm to 1.25 m)) sizes. The tall varieties are called African marigolds, and the smaller varieties, French marigolds. The super-flowering Triploid marigolds are a cross between the two. The Signet marigold is not widely grown but has many small flowers and graceful form. Flowers have a strong, almost unpleasant scent. Two scentless forms--æSweet and YellowÆ and æOdorless MixedÆ--are available. ~~Will perform well in poor soil with good moisture. Cut spent blooms to promote reflowering. Buy in pots or grow easily from seed. They have few disease problems. The idea that plants kill or repel some insects has been disproved.
The tall, graceful meadow rues are perfect for the back of flower gardens, or in woodland and wild gardens. Their fernlike foliage and clouds of small flowers give an airy look, especially effective against a dark background. Some varieties are short-lived. Plants prefer cool temperatures, so give some shade in hot areas. Protect from wind. Stake tall varieties. Buy in containers in spring, or start your own from seed or division.
Subtlety is foamflowerÆs middle name. Perfect for woodland gardens or other shady places, these mostly North American natives provide tidy evergreen foliage and spiky sprays of tiny white or pink flowers. The foliage of some varieties colors in fall. Mix with trilliums, ferns, campanula and bleeding heart. Easy-to-grow, but doesnÆt like soggy winter soil. Not all nurseries carry these, so call around.
Their bright, multi-colored and spotted, Iris-like flowers bloom in rich warm tones. Use in sunny flower borders, rock gardens and containers. Branched, leafy lower stalks arise from sparse, sword-like leaves and produce many flowers. Although the flowers come in an array of orange, pink, red, yellow and white, they are short-lived.~~ In warm areas, best in partial afternoon shade. Start easily from seed or division. Plant corms after weather has warmed in well-drained soil. Water generously during the growing season, but allow soil to gradually go dry when plants go dormant in early fall. In cold winter areas, dig up and store bulbs in fall. In mild climates, leave bulbs in year round, and divide every few years. Protect corms from gophers. Watch for red spider mites.
Its common name refers to the curious arrangement of the stamens in a wishbone shape. A valuable annual for partially shady gardens, its small, multicolored, snapdragon-like flowers come in soft shades of blue, purple, yellow, rose and white. Charming in beds, pots or hanging baskets, anywhere the blossoms may be enjoyed close up. In autumn, leaves turn reddish, which contrasts nicely with the blooms. In cool summer areas, plant in full sun. Native to the tropics, so move plants outside well after last spring frosts. In fall, dig up and grow as house plants.
Vigorous perennials grown for their white, pink or blue flowers, each spiderwort stalk holds many buds which each open only for one day. Flowers bloom all summer. Used as a ground cover, but can be invasive. Good in pots or hanging containers. Shear untidiness to encourage more flowers. Plant in part sun in hot areas and give ample water. Also sold as T. virginiana, plants are available in spring in containers.
For some interesting late-season color, try the charming toad lilies in your woodland or shady garden. The unusual spotted flowers of lavender, white or yellow bloom along arching stems like decorated garlands. The plant spreads underground to form colonies with stems to 3 ft. (90 cm) high. Toad lilies make unique additions to flower arrangements. ~~They like moist soil, prefer shade in hot areas and some sun in cool areas. Available in containers in spring or by division.
Loved and coveted by gardeners and hikers alike, the showiest Wake Robins are native to North America. Notoriously hard to get and somewhat difficult to grow, they are sometimes dug up illegally in the wild. This has caused them to disappear from some areas where they offered spring blooms in yellow, maroon, or white. Plants thrive in a moist woodland setting with Ferns, Toad Lilies and wild ginger. They increase slowly underground. ~~Regular nurseries rarely carry them, so contact specialty nurseries. Never let fleshy underground stems dry out.
Cheerful, the multi-petaled yellow or orange flowers look like ranunculus. Their warm colors mix nicely with the blue of campanulas. Excellent cut flowers depending on the variety, blooms are 1.5 to 4 in. (3.75 to 10 cm) across. They grow in moist and swampy areas and have thick fibrous roots. Choose plant location carefully as they grow slowly and don't like being moved. They also don't like heat, drought or much sun, so plant in shady areas, especially near pools. Watch for aphids. Buy in containers in spring.
The saying "Be nasty to nasturtiums" reflects the type of neglectful care these fast-growing, versatile plants thrive on. While they like moist soil, don't fertilize or water frequently or you'll have more leaves than blooms. These perennials are mostly grown as annuals. Their fragrant, spicy, edible blossoms and young leaves are a gourmet treat in salads. They also make excellent cut flowers. ~~Double- and single-flowering varieties of both climbing vines and bushy plants attract helpful insects and hummingbirds. Dwarf types grow to 1 ft. (30 cm) tall and are good for fast color in edging or trailing from baskets or containers. Climbing vines reach 6 to 10 ft. (2 to 3 m) Trail over fences, trellises or rocks. Bloom in many colors, including white, golden-yellow, orange, scarlet, deep red and salmon. Self-sows. Sow seed, in mixed or separate colors, outdoors in sandy soil when all danger of frost is past. Also start by cuttings and division. Watch for aphids.
These long-blooming perennials from South Africa are easy to grow. The star-shaped flowers grow in large, round clusters that appear intermittently throughout the spring and summer. The grassy foliage increases each year to form substantial clumps resembling dwarf Agapanthus. Use in mixed plantings with perennials and small shrubs, or in rock or dry gardens. Evergreen in mild climates. The leaves emit a strong, garlicky odor when damaged. Wear gloves to prune as the smell is hard to remove from hands. A lesser-known species, T. fragrans, has wider leaves and sweetly scented flowers. ~~Easy to start by division. Like full sun. Frost damage at 20 to 25 deg. F.
These low, fast-growing plants have clusters of small fragrant flowers that make solid masses of color in sunny places. Useful for edging, ground covers, rock gardens and containers. Flowers come in solid colors or with white centers. Use trailing varieties for hanging baskets. Drought-resistant, they like heat and sun. DonÆt like poorly drained soils or excess moisture. ~~May live through winter in mild climates, but replant in spring for best flowering. Mulch to keep roots cool or plants may stop flowering in extreme heat.
Summer-blooming, graceful callas have storybook charm and are excellent for childrenÆs gardens, flower borders and accents in containers. The most common is Z. aethiopica. It can be grown as a water plant, and tolerates many types of soil. Others types, which need slightly-acid soil, are the smaller-growing Z. rehmannii and yellow-flowering Z. elliottiana. In the ground over winter, plants spread to form large groups. In zones 7 and colder, store underground stems each fall.
Although it requires lots of space, water, good soil and fertilizer, this is one of the vegetables worth making room for. The many varieties include white, yellow, bicolors, sugar-enhanced, extra-early maturing and cool-growing. Recent hybrids called Super Sweet or Extra Sweet have up to double the sugar content of regular varieties and hold their sweetness longer. Prevent cross-pollination with other Corn by isolating them 350 ft. 50 ft. (15 m) away, by varying species' maturity level or by wind direction. For a continuous supply, plant early-, mid-, and late-maturing varieties. For something different, try ornamental Indian Corn, miniature corn, or popcorn varieties. ~~In spring, once soil has warmed and danger of frost is past, plant Corn in blocks of at least 2 rows spaced 2 to 3 ft. (60 to 90 cm) apart. To ensure good pollination, choose a location that gets at least 8 hours of sun. Seed sown in cold, wet soil tends to rot. Best in rich soil, with regular applications of high-nitrogen fertilizer to plants 1 ft. (30 cm) tall and again at 2.5 to 3 ft. (90 cm) Keep evenly moist--donÆt let soil dry out. ~~Harvest when silks turn brown and ears are firm. Eat immediately for best flavor and sweetness.
Flowering in late summer when many other plants have peaked, zinnias extend the blooming season and are popular for their easy culture and tremendous variety of flowers. Flower colors include bold and hot reds, oranges, and yellows, as well as soft pastel shades of apricot, rose, cream, light yellow, and lavender. Flowers are single or double, solid, bicolored, streaked or spotted, and plants come in many shapes and sizes. Dwarf plants start at 6 in. (15 cm) tall, while tall-growing varieties grow up to 3 ft. (90 cm) Use for bedding or mass plantings. Use dwarf varieties in edging and containers. The graceful narrow-leaved zinnia is useful for naturalizing in rock gardens, containers, and hanging baskets.~~Seedlings resent root disturbance, so start in peat pots or sow directly only after ground has warmed. Avoid overhead watering to reduce mildew.
A group of fast-growing, heat-loving trees with large rounded leaves mulberries make excellent desert shade trees. Blackberry-like fruit attracts birds. Less messy fruitless forms are favored in the home garden.
Commonly known as the Flowering Maple, these tropical and semi-tropical shrubs or plants are prized for their rapid growth and plentiful, long-lasting blossoms. Some species have maple-like leaves and shape. In cooler climates, they're grown in greenhouses or in pots and hanging baskets and taken indoors during the winter. In warmer climates, they're grown as an espalier. Protect from afternoon sun in warm climates. Easily started from greenwood cuttings in autumn. Stake young plants. Water often during growing/blooming season and less frequently at other times. Pinch growing tips and prune in early spring to promote bushy growth.
These weedy fast-growing plants tolerate shady or moist places and soil too poor for other plants. Use as edging or ground cover near buildings or where contained by concrete or wooden barriers. Otherwise, their creeping rootstocks can become invasive. Small flowers bloom white or yellow. Can be pruned to keep height low.
Resembling cypress, their flattened sprays of aromatic foliage on feathery branches create a pyramidal shape. Evergreen foliage ranges from dark green to yellow, some with white markings on the undersides. Most grow to 50 ft. (15 m) tall, though dwarf varieties are available for foundation plantings and hedges. Mature cones are brown to yellow-brown. The ridged, reddish-brown bark peels off. Protect from strong winds. Prune dead central branches if needed. Free from pests and disease.
While they're related to pine trees, their horizontal tiers of stiff branches and many small, pointed, flat or needlelike leaves give them a decidedly different look. Often grown in pots while young, the older evergreens grow up to 70 ft. (21 m) tall and often lose their lowest branches with age. Beware of falling 10 to 15 lb. cones on mature trees! Plant them alone or use several as tall windbreaks where cones aren't a hazard to anyone underneath. Won't tolerate dry or waterlogged soils. Most like full sun. Water during the growing season and during long, hot dry spells.
Coral-red, pealike fruits brighten these elegant, spineless palms that are Southern California favorites. The stiff, feather-shaped leaves in their spreading crowns grow up to 10 ft. (3 m) long. The flower clusters hang even longer. Scars of fallen fronds ring the stout trunks. Water during growing season.
Only one type of these feather palms, the Queen Palm, is commonly grown. The straight trunk and 10- to 15 ft. (3 to 4.5 m) long fronds that look like ostrich feathers give it a fluffy, graceful elegance. Shelter from strong winds to prevent fronds from breaking. Remove dead leaves for best appearance. Reduce water when temperature drops.
Attractive in three seasons, deciduous, carefree chokeberries have white spring flowers, followed by red, purple or black summer fruits and spectacular fall foliage. Fruits attract birds. Plant in full sun for the best autumn color.~~Native to wetland areas, they tolerate wet roots, plus cold, wind and heat. Good for shrub borders. However, they will naturalize, so remove suckers to keep plants from spreading.
Give these large plants room to spread out. Their bold spikes of rose, white or lilac funnel-shaped flowers wave above 1- to 2-ft. (30 to 60 cm)-long leaves. Late spring through early summer, flower spikes reach 2 ft. (60 cm) long on 2- to 3 ft. (60 to 90 cm) stems. Excellent background plants. Use in fresh or dried flower arrangements. In cooler northern climates, need protection and mulching over winter. Remove faded flowers. Long root systems make plants difficult to get rid of once established, so plant where they are confined. Easy to divide between October and March.
Grow these flowering, rank-growing, perennial succulents as ground covers or indoors in a window garden. They like a sunny location, though they prefer shade in the Southwest. Their many low-growing branches get up to 2 ft. (60 cm) long. The fleshy leaves are oval or heart-shaped. Keep soil dry in winter.
One type of these Asiatic natives, A. altissima, is widely grown. It grows quickly to 60 ft. (18 m) high in the worst conditions, tolerating city pollution, drought and most soils. It also resists insect problems. The chubby branches are covered in leaves made of 15 to 30 dark green leaflets that smell unpleasant when crushed. Blooms in large clusters of small yellow flowers. Plant female trees, since male flowers smell awful. Winged seeds self-sow readily, so remove unwanted starts and suckers. Prune in spring. Water during long dry spells.
This massive deciduous shade tree has dark to bright green foliage, and clusters of creamy white foliage in summer. In autumn, chestnuts ripen in spiny brown husks, just in time for roasting on cold nights. The species, C. dentata, has died out due to a blight, so plant other types of Chestnut. Mostly drought-tolerant, though they prefer occasional deep watering and fertilizer.
Only one type of this moss-like ground cover, C. nobile, is grown. It's perfect for around stepping stones or to create a scented plant carpet you can walk on. Plant small patches only, for bare spots quickly fill in. Unmowed, reaches 4 to 12 in. (10 to 30 cm) tall. Trim or mow at 3 to 4 in. (7.5 to 10 cm) high, and shear off flowers to maintain ground cover. Prefers dry soil.
Suited to warm or mild dry climates only, Cypresses are long-lived and fast-growing trees. These evergreens have a variety of shapes and forms. Some are dense and bushy, while others are flat-topped or pyramidal. All have cones, and their fragrant foliage is generally dark green. Use singly or massed as windbreaks or screens. Water during dry spells in the first few years. Older trees are drought-tolerant.
Their large clusters of scented flowers and crinkled, purple-veined leaves make these old-fashioned subshrubs popular with florists. Best grown as summer annuals, they can be perennial in mild climates. Use in borders or pots, or prune side branches into a tree shape on a trellis. Water container plants freely when in full growth, less at other times. Fertilize during growing season. Prune tips in spring to promote bushy growth. Can be started from cuttings.
Sweet and juicy for breakfast or dessert, these melons are rich in vitamins A and C. Native to tropical Africa, they like long, hot summers where day temperatures reach at least 80 deg. F and night doesn't fall below 55 deg. F. Casaba and Honeydew melons are close relations with a similar culture.~~~~Plant in spring when day temperatures reach 60 deg. F and danger of frost has passed. Sow 2 seeds or transplants, 4 to 6 ft. (1.25 to 2 m) apart, in 4-in. (10 cm) high, flat-topped hills full of well-rotted manure and compost. Each vine produces 2 to 3 fruits, so 3 to 5 hills are enough for one person. To save space, train on a trellis where plant only needs 1 sq. ft. of ground. Fertilize and water regularly. Keep leaves dry to reduce mildew. Mulch with hay to protect fruits on ground from moisture and rot. In cool summer areas, plant extra early varieties and mulch with black plastic to raise soil temperature. ~~~~Harvest when bottom of melon turns deep yellow, and the skin turns from shiny or powdery to dull, usually 85 to 100 days. When ready, fruit should separate easily from vine. Honeydews and Casabas can be stored up to a month.
Linen is made from one species of flax, and its seeds provide linseed oil. Whether annual or perennial, all are drought-tolerant, sun-loving, and perfect for wild gardens or in borders. Ornamental flaxes have yellow, red, white, or blue simple flowers with 5 satiny petals. Flowers live only 1 day, but the plant blooms steadily from early spring into summer or fall. Cut the flowers, as picking can tear out the whole plant. Will grow from cuttings, but more easily started from seed sown in fall or spring. Perennials are available in containers and live only 3 to 4 years. Sow annuals in place.
These Australian evergreen trees like warm climates. They're covered in white blooms in summer. Train to espalier, trim to a large shrub or container plant, or use singly in lawns.~~Water container and outdoor plants moderately, less during winter months. Prune as needed.
Train these 10- to 20-ft. (3 to 6 m)-tall, eye-catching shrubs or trees to show off their large leaves and hanging tubular flowers. Blooms are white, yellow, apricot, pink or red. Plant where you can catch their evening fragrance. Flowers and seeds are poisonous. Protect from wind. Frost-damage likely in winter. Prune in early spring.
This popular florist's choice makes an excellent perennial plant in zones 7 to 10. Although species and hybrids vary in hardiness, all plants produce large clusters of azalealike flowers in bright orange, yellow, pink, lilac, rose, milky white, or red. ~~Thrive in deep, cool, moist soil, but tolerate well-draining clay soils. Watch for fleshy but easily breakable roots when planting. Slow to establish. Eventually form large clumps which should not be disturbed. Divide with care in spring, and plant 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) deep. May cause skin irritation.
These 250 reed-like grasses grow in the temperate Northern Hemisphere and have long leaves that are linear and flat or channeled. They flower with dense, compressed spikelets in the summer.
With their showy early bloom and excellence as a ground cover, these are favorites for moist shaded areas near pools and streams. Growth of the thick clumps and colonies slows in full sun. Leaves are thick, wavy and cabbage-like below the pink, white or rosy purple flower spikes.
These especially hardy Asian-looking fan palms have a crown of lacy leaves. Most grow slowly. The tallest reaches 30 ft. (9 m) The trunks are covered with a black fiber at least at the top. All produce flowers followed by fruit. Water regularly.
The dense blue-green needles on these trees or shrubs often turn bronze in winter. Drooping branch tips look like fat fingers and are dotted with globe-shaped cones. Peeling bark is reddish brown. Grows best in partial shade in inland northern areas where it is hardy. Growth is fast when tree is young and slower as it ages. Won't tolerate excessive summer heat or little rainfall. Prefers acid soil.
The Ling or Scots Heather group consists of one evergreen shrub, of which there are over 1000 cultivars. Similar in appearance to Erica (Heath or Heather) species, but Calluna's flower petals are somewhat concealed by a pink calyx. Heathers of the Calluna, Erica and Daboecia genera add interest to a garden year round. For some, their golden foliage turns burnt orange in winter. Others flower for a long period during summer, fall, and winter. Flowers come in a variety of colors; some are bicolored. Use double flower varieties for drying. Best in moderate climates, especially near oceans. Prefer well-drained, acidic soil and require little care.
Happy in moist swamps and marshes, they bloom in yellow, white or pink in April, then die to the ground in summer. The heart-shaped leaves have toothed margins. Leaves and flowers can cause inflammation and irritation.
These evergreen shrubs and trees are native to tropical areas in the Americas. They boast very fragrant red, yellow, white or greenish flowers that open at night. Flowers attract hummingbirds. Bloom at various times during the year. Grow in warm areas or under glass. Plants damaged by ~~heavy frosts generally come back quickly. Prune heavily to prevent legginess and increase blooms after flowering.
These graceful, elegant large shrubs or small trees are from Asia and the U.S. They produce many clusters of small white flowers. Female plants produce small purplish-black fruit if males are present. Hardy in the Northwest with some protection from cold and wind. Prefer sun and moist, sandy loam.
They flower in the fall when little else is in bloom. Their trunks, with their prominent thick spines, have a primitive look. The silky seed floss was once used for stuffing pillows in their native South America. Needs good drainage.
Of these climbing sub-tropical vines only one is generally grown. They are best in warm regions, but are so colorful they're worth growing even where they're only marginally hardy. They die down to the ground at 20 deg. F, dying at 10 deg. F. ~~Prune in late winter or early spring to control vigorous growth. Remove spent flowers.
This is not a true fern, but looks like one. These deciduous shrubs prefer peaty or dry sandy soil like that found their native eastern North America. Their narrow leaves are fragrant. Take a lot of abuse, though somewhat difficult to transplant. Often used to cover banks or for woodland and wild gardens. Male flowers grow in short, drooping, spike-shaped clusters, while females have a rounder head. Flowers are followed by clusters of small nuts.
These expensive fan palms have several reed- or bamboolike trunks, from which sprout deep green palmate fronds. Often used as pot or tub plants, Lady Palms are grown as clumps in lawns or as hedges in southern California and southern Florida. Their yellowish flowers are followed by small berrylike fruits.~~Water regularly during growing season, allowing soil to dry between waterings. Reduce water at other times. Remove yellow or faded leaves. Wipe off dusty leaves or wash with water.
The one type grown, S. soleirolii, is common both in the indoor window garden and the warm-climate rock garden. These creeping plants have tiny, round, bright green leaves that form a dense mat. Use as a ground cover in shady areas away from foot traffic.~~Keep soil constantly moist. Prune or clip to desired size and shape.
Considered the most valuable of fruiting trees in the world, the single species of Coconut Palm provides food for the people of many tropical countries. It can begin producing crops of nuts at the age of five. The crooked or leaning trunk makes it easy to climb. However, since the nuts can fall from the tops of the trees, keep it away from patios and walkways. The male flowers are fragrant, and the female flowers are larger.
Valuable for late summer and early fall color and cutting gardens, they like full sun and tolerate wet soil. Their disk-shaped flowers bloom in yellow, red-brown, or red-purple. Use in the back of borders or as background in wild gardens. Pinch ends for bushier plants. Heavy flower production requires staking. Divide every 2 to 3 years to maintain vigorous plants.
The one species of Tree or Bush Poppy is native to California and northern Baja California, Mexico. It's ideal when grown in warm climates with other drought-resistant plants and natives, such as Manzanita and Ceanothus. Flowers mass on its many branches from mid spring through summer among leathery leaves. ~~Prune to encourage bushy growth after bloom.
These tropical natives are the source of medicinal and edible ginger. Small and reed-like, they're grown for their rhizomes and aromatic leaves. They need warm temperatures and partial shade, so do well as bedding plants in the southern U.S. and parts of California. Need at least a 10-month growing season for optimum rhizome production. Rhizomes may rot in cold, wet soil.
Large clusters of white or violet flowers bloom on these evergreens, which are stemless and can reach the size of small trees. Some flowers are fragrant at night. Clusters of pointed, sword-shaped leaves can be dangerous near walks or patios unless sharp tips are clipped. Drought-tolerant and fire-retardant. Young plants can be grown indoors. Remove faded flower stalks and dead leaves.
Often grown in the light sandy soil of the southern Midwest and Western states, these low or trailing plants root quickly where they touch the soil. Their red, yellow or white flowers look similar to true Verbena and are fragrant only at night. Use them in borders or sunny wild gardens in mild climates. Good for erosion control.
The long, showy flowers on this exceptionally drought-tolerant, long-bloomer resemble a lion's ear. They appear as dense whorls in white, orange, orange-red or yellow on hairy stems. Display in beds or in front of shrubbery. Excellent for warm-winter climates, but may grow in a cool greenhouse for winter blooms. Thrives near the ocean. ~~On perennial varieties, cut back old stems to encourage new growth. Attractive cut flowers.
Summer-flowering, woody perennials and deciduous sub-shrubs. Frost hardy; need a sunny, sheltered location and deep, well-drained soil; difficult to establish; difficult to transplant, except root suckers; may spread rapidly;~~~~These woody perennials and deciduous sub-shrubs need a sunny, sheltered location and deep well-drained soil. They are difficult to establish, but once established spread rapidly. Frost hardy. Difficult to transplant, except root suckers.
Seen frequently in Florida and sub-tropical gardens, the Indians used some of the 40 different species to make soap and food. These tropical natives are low palm- or fern-like plants with short or underground trunks and crowns of evergreen leaves. Scaly cones are tucked under branches. Females have larger, thicker cones. Also grown as a houseplant and for Japanese bonsai.
The evergreen and deciduous shrubs in this group that are tropical are infrequently grown. The native I. virginica, an open arching shrub, is planted often in woodland and naturalized settings and near water. It produces graceful drooping clusters of flowers in late spring through early summer. Tolerates wet soil, yet highly drought-tolerant.
These coniferous, pyramid-shaped evergreens are relatives of the Redwoods from Asia. The stiff, pointed leaves have a broad white band beneath. Leaves are spirally arranged. Female cones are narrowly winged, while male cones grow in clusters. Grow in mild climates, and shelter from strong winds. Damaged by cold temperatures, but can resprout new branches from trunk.
There's just one species of this native coastal shrub or small tree. Grown often in the South, it has a distinctive bloom, small yellow fruit and orange to scarlet autumn leaf color. Its stout trunk develops many contorted and twisted branches. Found in swamps in the wild, it can take wet soils. Prefers peat moss and acid soil so is a good companion for Azaleas and Rhododendrons.~~Prune lightly as flowers bloom on last year's growth.
Among the most graceful of the coniferous, narrow-leafed, evergreen trees growing in North America, these mostly gigantic, pyramidal trees have unusually graceful foliage. Branches are horizontal or drooping. Leaves are needlelike, flattened, and narrowed at the base. Small brown cones, 1 to 1.5 in. (2.5 to 3.75 cm) long, hang down from the branches. Best in acid soil, good rainfall, and high summer humidity. Protect from hot sun and wind. Shallow-rooted and therefore easily transplanted with a ball of soil around the roots. Can be sheared to excellent hedges. Among the finest evergreen trees for park, lawn, or specimen plantings, as well as windbreaks.
These members of the lily family are spring- or early summer-flowering perennials that grow from fleshy roots. Fruits are blue or black. Plant in a cool, shady situation and fertile, well-drained soil. Prone to sawfly caterpillars.
These deciduous, summer-flowering shrubs are grown for their foliage and large panicles of white, small flowers. They prefer sun and deep, fertile, moist soil. On mature plants, prune out some old stems and remaining shoots in winter.
Grown for attractive foliage and daisylike flowers, this group covers a wide range of plant types, including annuals, perennials, succulents, shrubs, and climbers. The shrubs are an excellent choice for coastal gardens.~~Prefer full sun and well-drained soil.
A most unusual member of the Cypress plant family found above timberline in the mountains near Vladivostock, Russia. Extremely hardy. Does best in well drained, moist soils.
A highly variable group of large leafed perennials with varying heights and leaf colors. Phormiums tolerant a wide range of soil types, heat or coastal winds, drought or damp locations. Leaf colors intensify during the cooler months of the year. Leaves are valued in floral displays. Propagated by division.
Valued for their attractive finely textured foliage. Often used in hedging. Small flowers with abundant stamens. Heat loving. All withstand sea breezes. Tolerate a wide range of soils.
Leathery leaves with netted veins cover these easy-to-grow ferns. Their shiny foliage contrasts nicely with other ferns. Plant the rapid growers outdoors in mild climates in moderately loose soil. Need protection in northern regions. Often grown in containers indoors. In warm rooms, give extra humidity. Remove faded fronds.
This tree needs room to grow since it spreads to 40 ft. (12 m) and reaches 50 to 75 ft. (15 to 22.5 m) tall. In spring, feathery foliage and fragrant flower clusters appear. Tolerates dry soil and urban pollution.~~Plant balled or container plants in spring in full sun. Relatively free of diseases and pests.
Commonly called Ninebark, this shrub's bark peels to reveal several layers, which provides winter interest. Clusters of tiny white flowers appear in late spring. Use as background in large plantings or as filler in borders.~~Prune mature plants by cutting older shoots to ground level after flowering.
Perfect for swampy areas, they are among the few trees that tolerate constantly wet roots. Deciduous or evergreen, these conical or columnar trees reach 50 to 80 ft. (15 to 24 m) tall. Most require acid soil, and tolerate colder and drier climates. Bear sprays of needlelike feathery foliage and scented cones.~~Prune dead or unwanted branches.
These rapid-growing tropical palms are grown frequently in Florida, California and the Gulf states. They reach 30 to 80 ft. (9 to 24 m) tall, and their rounded crowns are topped by fan-shaped leaves. Clusters of tiny, creamy white flowers hang below the fronds in late spring, and black berrylike fruits appear in winter. Usually too tall for the small garden, so plant them along avenues or borders. When young, can be grown in pots. If potted, water freely in summer. Remove dead leaves.
Only A. sieboldiana, one of the 50 species of these prickly shrubs or small trees, is commonly grown. Use as a hedge in even the most difficult city conditions. It tolerates poor, dry soil, drought, smoke, dust and shade. Stems have prominent thorns, which make them effective barriers. Round clusters of small greenish-white flowers are inconspicuous above the long, shiny, green leaves. Female plants also have unobtrusive fruit. ~~Trim lightly to shape. If it becomes leggy, cut plant to the ground in early spring to promote new growth.
Deciduous, summer-flowering shrubs grown for their foliage, fall color, habit and winter shoots; need sun or partial sun and fertile soil, not too dry; With established plants, cut out some older shoots after flowering.
These tough, vigorously growing ornamental grasses spread by underground rhizomes. Grown for their showy, variegated leaves. Airy flower clusters are insignificant. Many cultivars are available.~~Cut back hard when leaves look unkempt.
The long twining stems of this lovely evergreen climber bear the national flower of Chile. Nodding, 3 in. (7.5 cm) rosy red bells, often spotted with white, have a heavy, waxy appearance, bloom off and on from late spring into autumn. Named cultivars include Flesh Pink, Nash Court Pink with darker marbling, brilliant crimson Superba, deep red-flowering Beatrice Anderson, and dark red Penheale. Outdoor plants do best in a frost-free climate, but will survive frost above 23 deg. F if protected by surrounding plants and a sunny south-facing wall. Give light shade, with at most only brief direct sunlight. Needs high humidity, moderate summer temperatures and shelter from wind. Plant in moist, humus-rich, lime-free soil, adding peat moss or bark for excellent drainage. Good in a conservatory. Layer spring or fall, or grow from seed presoaked 48 hours before sowing. Watch for snails and slugs.
Beloved denizen of Pacific Northwest forests, a favorite Christmas tree, and the top choice of timber producers, the best-known US species, P. menziesii, and its myriad cultivars make fine landscape trees for ample spaces. Dark green to blue-green needles give off an invigorating fragrance, especially when crushed. Red buds form on branch tips in winter, becoming fresh green tassels of new growth. In dry summer areas they form dense cones; in moist shade, grow narrower and more open. Forest giants may reach 250 ft, but landscape specimens rarely exceed 100 ft. (30 m) Intriguing P. menziesii cultivars include Revoluta, with curled needles; Anguina, with long snaking limbs; and Stairii, with variegated needles. Brilliant blue-white needles clothe the magnificent P. m. ssp. Glauca varieties, Argentea and Candida (Blue Douglas Fir). In north central states, be sure to plant winter-hardy P. menziesii glauca, adaptable to dry air and soil, and low winter temperatures. Prefer full sun. Tolerate a broad range of soil types, all but swampy or extremely dry. Give ample water. Take wind in cool weather, but not when hot and dry. Prune or shear as for Firs. Transplant well, balled and burlapped, and grow fast. Can also grow from seed; cultivars may be grafted onto P. menziesii. Several kinds of fungi affect them, causing needle browning and drop, and eventual branch dieback. Prevent by keeping tree healthy; prune out any infected branches. Subject to aphids and scale crawlers.
This is a group of clumping bamboos. Young stalks (culms) typically have a white or gray powder below the nodes, plus many branches. Leaves are checkered or marked with a grid of small squares. They come from China and the Himalayas.
Train these woody-stemmed climbers up trees and masonry walls; their rootlike holdfasts help them cling to flat surfaces. ~~Flowers best in sun, but will grow against a north-facing wall. Frost hardy. Tie young plants to supports.
This spectacular group of poppies produces large, showy, cup-shaped flowers, from white to a spectrum of intense colors. All need cool, moist soils and in warm summer climates are often very short-lived.
Outdoors, these deciduous shrubs and subshrubs grow best in the Southern U.S. Otherwise, these East Asian natives prefer to grow in greenhouse pots with plenty of peat and loam. Their foliage is aromatic. In late summer and early fall, flowers bloom blue, white or lavender. Select hybrids are available with deep blue flowers and silvery foliage. Excellent in mixed color borders. Water deeply and infrequently. Cut to the ground in spring to encourage new growth and increase flowering. Cut back lightly after each bloom, and plants will flower until frost. Start new plants from softwood cuttings.
Large, funnel-shaped flowers cover the single species, B. capreolata, of this evergreen climber from the eastern U.S. It is a favorite in Southern gardens for blanketing walls, trellises and arbors. Climbs by tendrils that attach to wood and masonry and reaches 60 ft. (18 m) long. Tolerates heat. Plant in full sun or shade. Prune to shape. Start new plants from seeds or cuttings.
Some of these hardy, woody, bamboo grasses from North America and Asia grow to 30 ft. (9 m) tall. Others are low-growing ground covers. Growth is rapid the second year after planting. Form large clusters from underground stems and can become invasive. The infrequent flowers last as long as a year. Drought-tolerant, once established. Choose rootbound container plants. For fast growth, water often and give high-nitrogen fertilizer. Control spread by planting in containers under or above ground. Remove dead canes.
If your garden's shade and humid heat rule out many ornamental evergreens--including the Common Yews-- take heart. Their equally handsome cousins, the Plum Yews, include species that thrive in these conditions. All tolerate a wide range of soils, and need little maintenance. Deer can strip a Common Yew in one feeding, but they leave Plum Yews alone. Slow-growing, they make fine specimens, screens or hedges, good for limited space, and respond well to pruning. Male and female plants bear distinct flowers; females produce fleshy fruits like small green or brown plums. Fruits and foliage are generally poisonous if eaten, but not dangerous to handle. C. harringtonia (Japanese Plum Yew) has nearly black, sharp, slender needles. With good shelter, its frost-resistant varieties Koreana and Nana grow as far north as Boston and Scandinavia. Fastigiata's short, tightly whorled needles create interesting texture. C. fortunei (Fortune's Plum Yew) grows closest to tree size. Both species offer many cultivars. Can take full sun only in mild, wet coastal settings; elsewhere, must have shade or the leaves grow shorter and a sickly yellow-green. Adapt to many soils but prefer well-drained, moist, sandy, acid to neutral soil. Apply rooting promoters to end shoot cuttings, keep very moist, and be patient: they root as slowly as the plants grow. Don't try cuttings from side branches; they develop a poor shape.
Some of these tropical African plants are popular indoors, while others are grown outdoors in frost-free climates as large specimens. Some types have graceful and fountain-like foliage of ribbon-like leaves. Others have stiff and sword-like leaves. Flowers on outdoor plants are red, green or white. Houseplants don't usually flower, but they do remove pollutants from the air. They tolerate low light and dry air. A resin from their stems, called Dragon's Blood, is used to make varnish and other chemicals. Reduce watering in winter.
These 2- to 4-ft. (60 cm to 1.25 m)-tall plants boast feathery plumes of tiny flowers on leafy stems. Planted behind a border, their dense lush leaves make an excellent background for other flowering plants. Found wild in moist and boggy soils, they tolerate drier soil. These long-lived plants go dormant in winter. They flower best in full sun, but tolerate light shade. Divide in early spring when new growth starts. Sow seed in early fall.
Silvery white petals that make up the buttonlike flower heads and their woolly white or silvery leaves give these hardy perennials the common name of pearl or pearly everlasting. Excellent fresh or dried flowers. Cut just before flowers mature. Plant in well-drained sunny location where their light color can contrast with darker foliage or brighter flowers. Most tolerate poor soil, heat and drought.~~Divide clumps every three or four years.
These Morocco natives form a low mat of dense fernlike foliage. Their paired or solitary, white, daisylike flowers are blushed with pinkish red on the undersides. Gray hairy leaves are finely cut. Great annuals, biennials or perennials for sunny rock gardens with perfect drainage and neutral to alkaline soils. Won't tolerate soggy soil or wet winters.
Grown for their brilliant, often multi-colored, leaves and dense tassels of tiny flowers, use these large-growing annuals as background plants or as a dramatic point of interest. The long-lasting flowers grow in long, erect or pendant clusters in maroon, crimson and various shades of green. Excellent for cutting. These sun- and heat-loving plants are 3 to 5 ft. (90 cm to 1.5 m) tall with large, lance-shaped leaves, blotched or splashed with scarlet, orange, yellow, purple or bronze. 1- to 2-ft. (30 to 60 cm)-tall varieties are also available. With adequate moisture, tolerates poor soils. ~~If picked when tender, leaves can be cooked like spinach. Seeds have a high protein content and are eaten like grain.~~Soil must be above 70 deg. F for seeds to sprout. In areas with long, warm summers, sow in ground. Elsewhere, start early indoors, and transplant after frost danger is past. After flowering, plants transplant poorly. Give plants plenty of room--space about 2 ft. (60 cm) apart.
Not a true hibiscus, these shrubs have earned the name with their glossy, tropical blossoms. Tuck one behind your ear, and you're ready for a luau! The lilac blue to deep purple flowers each last 2 or 3 days and bloom continuously during growing season. Leaves are deeply lobed, like those of Oak or Geranium. They can take a few degrees of frost, but appreciate the shelter of a south-facing wall. Water well in growing season, but hold off when temperatures drop below 60 deg. F. Mulch the roots during long cold spells. Prune long shoots right after flowering.
Used in classic Victorian gardens to create geometric carpet patterns, these low-growing, colorfully leafed and flowered bedding plants can be sheared into shapes. Bright yellow, red and pink markings on leaves can clash with other plants. Best with other bright colors or in window boxes or pots. Flowers are minuscule and plants are usually sheared before the flowering stage. Perennial in warm, frost-free areas, they like full sun. They're treated as annuals in cold areas, where they overwinter as houseplants.
This vigorous, fast-growing tropical vine is not low-maintenance, but responds to care with large, trumpetlike flowers. A native of mangrove swamps and lowland river banks, it's popular in subtropical gardens, where it clambers over fences, pillars and pergolas. Named for F. Allamand, an 18th-century Swiss doctor. A. schottii's prickly fruits are used in floral arrangements, A. cathartica is grown as a climber or small tree, and A. blanchetti has rose-purple flowers. ~~Flowers best in full sun and high heat and humidity, but needs shading from the strongest summer sun. Minimum temperatures of 55to 60 deg. F are ideal; it won't tolerate much frost, though mature plants can handle a few degrees lower. Move potted plants to a greenhouse in cold winters, but watch for whitefly and spider mites indoors. In early spring, cut back old stems and remove weak, straggling vines. Feed heavily during the growing season with a mix of leafmold and well-rotted, screened manure. Add coarse sand to the soil to improve drainage. Tie the vines for support as they grow, and pinch off new stem tips for a bushy shape. Keep plants nearly dry during their dormant season, from late autumn until early spring. Start new plants in late spring to early summer from cuttings in pots of leafmold and coarse sand.
Red, purple, green or yellow tubular flowers top tall stems above clumps of smooth, leathery, sword-shaped leaves. The woolly flowers on these Australian natives are curved at the tips like kangaroo paws, giving them their common name. Hummingbirds flock to these striking blooms. Long-lasting cut flowers. ~~Need little water, good drainage and sun. Cut spent flower spikes to the ground. Water during spring and growing or blooming season. Tolerate only a little frost. Prone to fungus diseases, snails and slugs.
The most distinct characteristic of these cacti are creeping, trailing or pendulous stems that hang like tails. Stems are spiny, green when young and grayish when older. Flowers are small and open by day. Plant the Rat Tail Cactus in full sun in greenhouses and windows in colder climates and on porches, balconies and elsewhere outside in warmer climates. Keep dry in winter and water with moderation from spring to fall. Watch for red spider mites.
Sun-loving evergreen or deciduous perennials that bloom so prolifically plants may exhaust themselves and die. Often lacy foliage is aromatic, especially when bruised. Some species of Anthemis are weedy. Flowers are good for cutting. Plant in neutral or slightly alkaline soil. Increase perennials by division in early fall or spring. Sow seeds in early spring for annuals and in late summer for biennials. Stake seedlings, which are easily damaged by wind and heavy rain.
White to deep magenta flowers with a dark spot at the base of each petal grace this group of evergreen plants and low shrubs from South Africa. Leaves are heart-shaped or lobed. Water during the growing and blooming seasons, less at other times. Sometimes sold as Malvastrum.
This cheerful roadside weed with big purple flowers has a checkered history. It once flourished around farm fields, but the leaves, flowers, and seeds are all poisonous if eaten. To keep the seeds out of grain harvests, farmers all but wiped out the corn cockle with herbicides. Now it's found a new life brightening country gardens and meadows. The wispy, grass-like leaves and colorful blooms are also attractive when massed in mixed borders. The flowers attract bees, and their long, thin but sturdy stems make them good cut flowers. ~~Give it well-drained, but not too fertile soil, and full sun. Remove dead flowers to promote blooming. Sow seeds in spring, or in mild winter climates, sow in the fall for winter color. Considered an annual, but will overwinter if tied to stakes for support.
Named for the Latin word for angel, this was once prized for its angelic healing properties. Today it provides a different kind of tonic: The seeds flavor gin, vermouth, chartreuse and other liqueurs, and the leaves are used to prepare hop bitters.~~A short-lived perennial that usually dies or declines after setting seed, Angelica is often grown as a biennial. It may grow as tall as 7 ft. (2.25 m), with stout stems and slightly gawky flower heads. Angelicas like moisture and will prosper by the water. They do best in light shade, although they will grow in full sun if soil is kept moist. Propagate from seeds planted in late summer or early fall.
A woodland plant with fern-like leaves and graceful, wiry stems supporting nodding flowers that is good as a border in flower beds. Similar to Japanese anemones, but smaller. Plant in a sheltered spot away from hot, dry winds. Propagate by seed or by dividing roots in late fall or early spring.
Several varieties of this superb Japanese conifer grow in the US. Slow-growing, they range from shrub size to 100 ft, but most will form a narrow conic shape about 50 ft. (15 m) tall. Many handsome features recommend it as an ornamental specimen. Glossy, rich green scaly leaves, highlighted with white undersides, grow on staghorn-like branching twigs. Open cones, resembling tiny woody flowers, and shaggy red-brown bark add appeal. The Japanese use the fragrant wood extensively for heavy construction such as buildings and railroad ties. T. dolobrata hondae has a denser growth of smaller needles, and larger, round cones. T. d. Nana is a compact dwarf. Handle cold winters and a wide range of soils, but will languish without high humidity and moisture. The ideal setting provides partial shade, shelter, and cool dampness of other nearby trees. Good container plants with similar conditions. Plant 8- to 12-in-tall seedlings in fertile, moist, well-drained soil. Raise more from cuttings, since seeds often vary from the parent.
Genus of one species of evergreen shrubs, flowering from summer to autumn, grown principally for its foliage. Half hardy; Needs rich, moist, well-drained soil; water potted specimens freely, but less in winter; One may cut leggy stems to the ground in winter. Fuzz on new growth irritates if it gets in eyes or down neck. Propagate by seeds or suckers. This is the tree that supplies the well-known rice paper of the Orient; the rice paper is from the pith of the plant.
William Fox-Strangways, 4th Earl of Ilchester and a fine amateur botanist, was the first to cultivate these lovely fruiting shrubs. He brought a worldwide plant collection to his South Dorset estate, and the Abbotsbury Subtropical Gardens still delight visitors to this balmy English coastline. His namesake plants, especially S. davidiana, have won favor in California and other warm-temperate and subtropical areas. Cedar waxwings and robins relish the rosy, Hawthorn-like fruits, borne generously well into winter. With only a structural difference in the ripe fruits separating them from the closely-related Photinia group, some species have been reclassified, so keep both names in mind. In ideal conditions they reach 25 ft. (7.5 m)tall. Silky hairs soften the young shoots, and the toothless leaves have hairy, often reddish stems. Loose clusters of small white flowers with red anthers bloom briefly at the branch tips in early summer. Wavy-edged leaves add textural interest to S. d. undulata. They do equally well in full sun or shade for part of the day. Provide fertile soil and keep mulched for peak condition. They appreciate regular watering in dry weather. S. davidiana is hardy to Washington DC and can be tried farther north, with good shelter. Grow from cuttings, or stratified seed: soak for 12--24 hrs., then store in damp sand, vermiculite or moss at 40 deg. F for 3 months before sowing.
The grassy swordlike leaves of the two species of Acorus thrive at the edges of ponds in shallow water or bogs.They spread slowly by fragrant underground rhizomes. Flowers are interesting, but not showy, yet are often mistaken for Irises. Excellent in moist or waterlogged situations, best in fertile soils in full or part sun.
These bushy perennials look like their cousins, mint and salvia. Once established, they thrive in hot, dry sites, offering a late-summer display of flower spikes in soft purples, blues, or yellows. Some varieties are more tender and need the shelter of a south- or west-facing wall. Hardier varieties are A. foeniculum, A. rugosum, and A. urticofolium. Drought-tolerant and require good drainage. Grow many varieties, such as A. mexicana, from seed, divide established plants in early spring, or take root cuttings from young, soft stems. Watch for mildew in hot dry summers.
Use these compact, mounding, evergreen shrubs in rock gardens or as front edging along borders. Originally from the cool limestone highlands of the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, they prefer a cold climate and won't tolerate heat and humidity, though one cultivar, Warley Rose, is more tolerant of high temperatures. They need a loose, well-drained, neutral-to-alkaline soil. Add lime to acid soil for better balance and a calcium boost. Lime also makes clay soil more crumbly, for better air circulation and drainage. Remove dead flowers to encourage blooming, and prune lightly to maintain shape. Spreads easily by self-seeding.
The fleshy rosettes of these evergreen succulents form living sculptures of bright green, bluish green, or purple. Clusters of yellow, pink, or white flowers bloom in spring or summer. Grow them in rock gardens, or display in patio containers or a sunny spot indoors. They tolerate light frost but require good drainage. Start new plants from cuttings.
These graceful plants of the shady, moist forest enhance a wild woodland setting with pale green, maple-like foliage and tall stems that are topped with clusters of flowers in late spring and summer. Glossy green or red berries appear summer to fall. Try these plants also in mixed borders and waterside plantings, but make sure they receive at least light shade. Give them a humus-rich soil, and keep it damp. Plants are frost-hardy. Divide the rhizomes in spring, or harvest the fully-ripe berries in autumn, strip off the pulp, and sow seeds in a moist shaded bed where they won't be disturbed. If not sown in the fall when they ripen, seeds aren't likely to sprout. All species are highly poisonous, though A. spicata was once used to treat a range of ailments including a nervous disorder called chorea.
These long-lasting, persistent perennials are easy to grow. Its clusters of white, pink, lavender or blue daisy-like flowers sit atop long, leafy stems, and resemble Michaelmas daises or asters. Best grown in masses. Stand without support, even if they reach up to 6 ft. (2 m) tall, but stake in windy areas. Divide and replace every two or three years to prevent a leggy, unkempt look. Propagate by division in spring or fall.
Use these easy-to-grow, annual or perennial herbs in borders, containers and rock gardens. Masses of daisylike flowers bloom in spring and summer on neat mounds of foliage. Flowers are yellow, pink, white, blue or lilac. Natives of Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and Tasmania, they require sun and shelter and rich, well-drained soil. Pinch new tips to encourage bushiness. Start new plants by seed or cuttings.
These slender, ribbed, mostly shrubby Cacti bloom in red or orange tube- or funnel-shaped flowers. They also have globe-shaped, fleshy fruit and dry, split seed pods. Long white hairs surface where spines are dense. Need temperatures above 50 deg. F. or else orange spots appear on the stems. Hose down plants to remove dust. Apply fertilizer to moist soil only during growing season.
These are excellent annual or perennial plants or shrubs for connoisseurs of blue flowers. These star-like tubular flowers also bloom in violet or white. They bloom best in warm shade and filtered sunlight, and make good cut flowers. Use in shaded areas or in hanging pots or containers. Need plenty of water and warm temperatures to thrive. In optimum conditions, these annuals may overwinter. Plants may be hard to find in nurseries so get seed from specialists.
These tough annual to perennial Mediterranean natives are drought- and heat-resistant and tolerant of sun, shade and exposed or windy sites. Freeze fresh edible flowers in ice cubes or candy to garnish desserts. They also make good cut flowers. Hairy, cucumber-flavored leaves are good in salads, cold drinks or pickles. Plant it behind borders and in herb gardens. Bees love the flowers. In spring or fall, sow seed directly in ground. Will self-seed.
These 7 aromatic perennial herbs grow throughout Western Europe into Central Asia, as well as in Northern Africa and North America. Their white, red, orange or purple flowers have hairy throats. Some grow in clumps to 10 in. (25 cm) high. Others are spreading or prostate. Some species develop a woody base. Use in dry, sunny borders, rock gardens and containers.
These largely evergreen shrubs and small trees have large fragrant flowers and leathery leaves. White blooms fade to yellow and purple flowers fade to white. Grow in clusters or alone. These tropical natives aren't frost hardy and need high humidity. For the best bloom, grow in pots in a temperate 50-to 55 deg. F. greenhouse. They need rich soil and lots of fertilizer. Pinch growing tips. Prune and shape in spring. Start new plants from softwood cuttings.
Although grown as a meadow grass in northern U.S. regions, Oat Grass is extremely invasive and is naturalized throughout North America. The less invasive variegated type is most commonly grown. Flat-leafed grass grows 2 to 5 ft. (60 cm to 1.5 m) in clumps and forms onion-like bulbs that root readily.
Growing plentifully along the banks of the Nile, this reed was well known to ancient Egyptians, who depicted it in their arts and used its flower cluster as the model for their equivalent of the letter A. Also common to Israel and other Bible lands, leading some authorities to believe that many Bible references to reeds are to Arundo. Stiff, hollow stems are used as musical instrument reeds and can double as plant stakes or fishing poles. Stems sometimes used to make screens, lattices or mats, and occasionally in light construction. Use this 8 to 20 ft. (2.5 to 6 m) plant for a striking, tropical accent in the garden, near swimming pools or other bodies of water but avoid soils with lots of clay. Propagate by dividing clumps or by placing a stem in water, where new, little plants will quickly sprout from every joint.
Similar to calla-lillies with long stems and hooded flowers, these tuberous plants are most often seen in moist woods. Many species from Asia, although less hardy than American types, have fantastically shaped flowers and are sometimes available through specialty nurseries. Jack-in-the-Pulpit and Dragon Root types, better known in the U.S., bear pea-size red or orange-red berries after blooms fade. All varieties thrive with moist soils in partial shade. Bait for snails, and watch for rust, leaf spot and leaf and stalk blight.
Lush, moss-like foliage of this low, dense evergreen blankets the ground, making it ideal for rock gardens, in crevices, creeping over rocks or planted in a dry wall. Sometimes used as a lawn substitute, although plant forms small mounds over time. To eliminate these, cut narrow strips out of the bumps and press the rest down. Many varieties of sandwort are alpine, subarctic or arctic plants that tolerate harsh winters but do poorly in areas with hot, humid summers. Grow in gritty, poor soil. Most types produce small white flowers in late spring and summer, although a. purpurascens has starry lilac blooms in tight clusters.
Grown for their large, divided fern-like leaves, these dramatic shrubs or small trees lend a tropical touch to the garden. Exotic-looking trees can grow 25 to 30 ft. (7.5 to 9 m), and are best as an accent in large gardens or in a semi-wild setting. Flowers are small but produced in clusters that give them a showy look in midsummer. Small, purplish fruit attract birds. Do not grow these near swimming pools because stems and leaves often have prominent spines that can cause injury. Because of suckers, they are often shrubby. Remove suckers for a tree shape. Most can be raised from seed. Propagate striped-leafed kinds by grafting or budding onto thick pieces of root from green-leafed types. Suckers or root cuttings also can be used to increase.
Unusual palm-like trees with distinctly swollen trunk bases are crowned with long, slender, gracefully displayed evergreen leaves. Common to desert and semi-desert regions of the Southwest and Mexico, these do best in nearly frost-free locations outdoors, as houseplants elsewhere. Tiny white flowers may not appear until tree is very old. Water all but container-grown plants sparingly.
Tropical or subtropical clump bamboo widely used in landscaping because it spreads slowly. Good for screens or hedges, the 0.5 to 4 in. (1.25 to 10 cm) green stems of these bamboos may reach 25 ft. (7.5 m) in dry conditions with little feeding and where rhizomes are contained. With water, fertilizer and no control, they may reach 55 ft. (16.5 m) Drought-tolerant once established. Feed heavily in spring when new stems start to form. Propagate by division in May or early June, or cut the rooted base of a clump of stems and plant it in rich soil. Control fungal and bacterial leaf spots by spraying. Watch for aphids, cottony scales and bamboo borer.
This perennial sunflower does best in its native West, especially in semi-arid regions where its drought-tolerance is an asset. Deep, woody roots are usually topped by a single rosette of foliage, or sometimes crowned by short branches, each ending in a rosette of foliage.~~Because of their deep roots, plants do not transplant well. Start from seed where plants will grow. Balsam Root is slow-growing and may not flower for several years.
The name of this mat-forming plant honors a French botanical artist, Claude Aubriet, who died in 1743. A low-growing, perennial that grows in the wild in mountain areas, it is good for rock gardens, stone patios or between stepping stones. Combine with bulbs or with other early-spring flowering plants such as rockcress, alyssum and phlox. Best in areas with cool summers and moderate winters, and requires good drainage. Shear back plants after flowering to 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) to keep them compact and encourage new growth. After trimming, topdress with gritty soil and bone meal.
This unusual-looking shrub is good for dry areas because it needs little summer water after the first year or two. Combine with rosemary, lavender, cistus and other drought-tolerant plants. Cannot take hard frosts. Thread-like, silvery leaves radiate around branches topped with clusters of flowers that resemble yarrows.
This familiar agricultural crop is used in peanut butter, peanut oil, candy and other products. Plants look like small sweet-pea bushes and grow best where summers are long and hot. After yellow flowers fade, a shoot develops and grows down into soil, where peanuts form. Plant in light soil or sand so shoots can penetrate. In cold areas, start seeds -- unroasted peanuts -- indoors 4 weeks before last frost or wait to plant outdoors after last frost and ground has warmed. When plants yellow at the end of the season, loosen soil and pull up to harvest. Hang in a warm, shady location for 2-3 weeks to cure, then strip off peanuts.
A member of the carrot family, masterwort looks more like a daisy, with domed centers surrounded by pointed, papery bracts that radiate like a sunburst. Plant in light shade in meadows, woodland gardens or flower borders. Although it likes soil with plenty of moisture, it doesn't do well in humidity and heat. Good cut or dried flowers.
Tender shrubby daisies from the Mediterranean and Canary Islands grown for their long bloom and silky, silvery foliage. Plant in beds, borders and rock gardens in dry, warm climates or, in colder areas, in pots that can be wintered in greenhouses. A. maritimus, which inhabits rocky places near the Mediterranean sea, is an evergreen groundcover.
Nearly every cactus garden has room for these beautiful, small plants that seldom grow more than 8 in. (20 cm) wide and are less than a foot tall. Varieties are shaped like a bishop's headpiece or a star, or resemble a sea urchin or sand dollar. All produce large yellow or orange blooms in spring or early summer. Plants are sometimes grafted onto column-shaped cacti. Grow in frost-free areas or as a houseplant. Soil must contain lime, whether it's crushed limestone, broken oyster shells or tuffa rock. Propagated almost exclusively by seed.
These leggy wildflowers look at home in a natural garden or meadow. Flowers range from smallish, all-yellow bunches of petals to bigger white-petaled 'daisies'; a few are red or purple. B. tripartita grows in damp habitats and is used for natural dyes. B. bipinnata makes excellent wild honey, though it's weedy with inconspicuous flowers. All have hooked bristles on seed capsules. Sun-lovers, they need moisture-retentive soil.
Glossy seedheads like rattlesnake rattles dangle from the threadlike stems of this ornamental grass. A delight for eye and ear, they glow when backlit and rustle in the breeze. Sprays are a lovely accent for fresh and dried arrangements. New seedheads start off in shades of green, red or purple, turning golden as they dry. Growing naturally in field and pasture, they like full sun and poor soil. Need no water once established. Pick stems for drying when fully developed, but do it just before the flowers open, or the dried seedheads will fall apart.
Love orchids, but don't have the time or budget for exotic specimens and their finicky greenhouse requirements? Try the 'poor man's orchid' in indoor pots, trailing from a hanging moss basket, or massed in an outdoor flowerbed. Like a flock of butterflies, the bright blossoms are marked with delicate patterns and have scalloped 'tails'. Some are even frost-hardy. Cut flowers are long-lasting. Strains have been developed in colors and heights to suit any situation. Give outdoor plants partial shade, especially in warm climates. Grow frost-hardy annuals from sown seed in spring. For late winter bloom and cut flowers, start plants in autumn so they're well established in a large enough pot. Water plentifully in spring and summer, sparingly in winter. Repot when rootbound to encourage blooming. Tall cultivars may need staking. Young plants are susceptible to aphids, wilt and root rot. Avoid mildew by providing good ventilation.
This group of about 10 species of brightly colored poppylike flowers includes California's state flower, the California poppy. All herbaceous, they produce clear sap and branch from the base. Fully hardy. Requires sun and grows well in poor, very well drained soil. Propagate by seed outdoors in spring or early autumn.
Most members of this huge group are trailing evergreen vines, offering a vast choice of leaf shapes, colors and textures. Glossy, velvety, toothed, lobed; even succulents are available. They're a cool delight spilling out of window boxes and hanging baskets, or as a ground cover by pools. Grape Ivy (C. rhombifolia) and Kangaroo Vine (C. antarctica) make ideal houseplants, tolerating low light and dry air. Outdoors, hardy types like Marine Ivy (C. trifoliata) cover arbors and pillars. In a group this large, care needs vary widely. Generally not too particular about soil, water or fertilizer. A few, especially the succulents, need full sun. Most prefer shade; C. discolor, with white-mottled velvety-green leaves, demands it. Tender tropical species need high humidity. Tougher-leafed types can take drier conditions. Fertilize container plants regularly, spring to fall, with diluted liquid fertilizer. Prune only to thin crowded pots or control size. Pinch the tips for fuller plants. All are easy to propagate from seed, cuttings or layering. Watch for scale, mealybugs, red spider mites, and aphids.
This one-species group native to southern Spain, is grown for its foliage and daisylike flowers.~~Fully hardy, the plant does best when grown in sun and in well-drained soil. Propegate by seed sown outdoors in mid-spring.
One of the best cut flowers, they are hardy annuals available in a variety of colors. Plant in front of evergreen shrubs or hedges to best show off the cheery blooms. Entire plant, including seeds, is poisonous. Larkspurs cannot take intense summer heat, so sow seeds as early as possible--in fall in warm climates or spring elsewhere for early bloom. Sew seeds where plants are to grow in a sunny spot sheltered from strong winds. Tall plants may need staking.
Their contrasting, daisylike flowers add zing to an informal bouquet. Closely related to Coreopsis, their bright gold to russet-red rays fan out from deep red to purple central discs. A few produce simple disc flowers without rays. Great annuals and perennials for a mixed bed, cutting garden, or meadow, they keep blooming all summer. The most widely grown, T. burridgeanum (Burridge Greenthread), has flowers with a purple disk and deep orange petals edged with yellow. T. trifidum's purple centers with bright yellow rays, 1.5 in. (3.75 cm) across, sway on branching stems 1 to 2 ft. (30 to 60 cm) tall. They do fine with full sun in any well-drained moderately fertile, slightly sandy soil. Sow in spring, or in fall in mild climates. Stake for cut flowers, or where exposed to wind. Keep weeded, water regularly, and deadhead.
Easy, pleasing ground covers from the Daisy family, their cheery yellow or white flower buttons spangle a carpet of feathery leaves. They grow worldwide where winters are mild and summers on the cool side. Compact, low-growing C. perpusilla and its linearis subspecies neatly fill in the gaps around paving stones, and make good lawn substitutes. Marsh-loving C. coronopifolia spreads rapidly along the edges of ponds and streams. Introduced from South Africa, it has colonized marshlands all along the West Coast. Fine in sun or partial shade. Need a moist, coarse, freely draining soil, humus-rich but not too fertile. One species, C. squalida, takes considerable frost, but blooms more modestly. Grow new plants from fresh seed or division.
Their daisylike flowers produce drifts of bright color for a border or meadow. Dark petal bases may form a contrasting ring around the discs. Species bloom in yellow, orange, red, and white with purple undersides. Hybrids offer an even wider range of color. Some may bloom as soon as 9 weeks after sowing, then continue to bloom throughout summer to first frost. Most close in cloudy weather or at night, so leave them out of cut arrangements. Happiest in a mild Mediterranean climate, they won't tolerate frost or humid heat. The biggest reach 3 ft. (90 cm)and grow woody at the base. For spectacular color, mass them in a tub or patio box.~~Give full sun and well-drained, low-nutrient soil. Where summers are hot and humid, start plants indoors in late winter so they reach blooming size before summer. Tolerate some drought, but appreciate moderate water in dry spells. Feed lightly once or twice a year. Deadhead and prune perennials when growth starts or after flowering.
Their sturdy upright stems, dense needle-like leaves, and profuse flowers may remind you of heathers. But they're not as fussy about soil, and the white to reddish blossoms are bigger and star-shaped. When bruised, the leaves release a delightful fragrance--hence the name, from the Greek dios, for divine, and osme, smell. Good for beds and rock gardens in mild climates. Cut branches are fresh and elegant in arrangements.Need a mild climate with full sun and night temperatures above 45 deg. F. Tolerate ordinary well-drained garden soil as long as it's not alkaline. Mulch with peat moss or other organic material for better growth. Pinch tips of young plants to make them bushy, and cut back well after blooming. Potted plants can winter in a greenhouse with good ventilation.Repot rootbound plants as soon as new shoots appear after cutting back. In summer, bury pots to the rim in sand or peat moss to keep roots moist and at an even temperature. Easy to grow from seed or summer cuttings.
These rosette-forming succulents are similar to Echiveria, with beautiful leaves often coated with chalky powder. Bears masses of yellow or red flowers in spring and summer. Good in rock gardens and containers. Plant in gritty, sandy soil, and shelter from rain and frost. Water sparingly in mid-summer, when plants are dormant.
Its best-known members are the fireweeds (E. angustifolium and others), tall wildflowers that cover fire-charred fields with magenta bloom, but the 200 species include 3 in. (7.5 cm) dwarves and creeping ground covers. Most bloom in the red-pink-purple range, and a few in white or yellow, and are followed by tufts of glistening white seed 'parachutes'. Tiny E. obcordatum forms a mat of oval leaves and bright magenta flowers around boulders. The E. chloraefolium kaikourense variety's white or pink flowers are twice as big as the species'. Best in meadows and on the rocky slopes of a wild naturalized garden, where they're free to spread. Most prefer moist soil. Ground covers like gritty rock garden soil. Tall plants need more sun, while ground covers need shade in hot summers. Cut plants halfway down in early summer to make them bushier (though the flower spikes will be smaller). Raise tall types from seed, ground covers by division.
With their white, pink or red flowers, sturdy green leaves and berrylike fruits, these easy-to-care-for heaths make an attractive accent or shrub border. They slowly spread by underground runners to form colonies. The deciduous species are especially showy, with leaves that often turn scarlet and purple in fall. Named for a 19th century French chemist, Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac. Plant in a sunny spot with loose, acid soil. Like other heaths, they won't survive in alkaline soil, and do best when kept mulched with organic material. All are hardy to 10 deg. F. Prune in late winter or spring only to shape or size. Dark blue or black berries are edible but usually tasteless. All species but G. bracycera (Box Huckleberry) lose their leaves in winter. Easy to grow from seed, as well as by division or from cuttings of young shoots.
An ancient staple food of common folk and their livestock, Barley still nourishes body and soul in winter soups and stews, and remains essential to the beer-brewer's craft. Gardeners choose ornamental species with fine silky flowerheads. Plant on a slope where late or early sun will backlight the glistening sprays. Dried stalks add a rustic touch to floral arrangements, and take dye well. J. jubatum, dubbed Squirreltail or Foxtail Barley, bears long, straight awns with a soft reddish tinge. Need full sun and a loose, well-drained soil. Sow seed in spring or autumn. Tolerates heat and drought better than other cereal grains. Pick heads while still green and hang them upside down to dry in airy shade.
These summer-blooming, sticky-to-the-touch subshrubs were given their common name because the two-lipped, spotted flowers look like monkey faces. Grow as annuals in cool northern climates. Most need full sun and lots of moisture, though hybrids can tolerate some shade. Plant along stream beds or in well-watered borders and beds. Plants self-sow in good conditions.
While one of the most popular of these South African natives is a trailing perennial, the majority of these are evergreen subshrubs used in borders and mass plantings. All are prized for their masses of long-blooming, daisylike flowers. Long-stemmed blooms close at night and on overcast days. Drought-tolerant once established. Pinch growing tips to keep plant neat and encourage bushy growth.
Tough and invasive, these bluish grasses cover bare areas quickly and are especially well-suited to coastal and beach settings. Most grow 2 to 3 ft. (60 to 90 cm) high, though one California native, L. condensatus (Giant Wild Rye) may reach nearly 9 ft. (2.75 m)! Containers keep them under control, showcasing their dense growth and distinctive flower stalks that rise 1 to 2 ft. (30 to 60 cm) above the leaf blades. Many are still erroneously classified as Elymus. The compact L. arenarius Findhorn grows just 1 ft. (30 cm) high. Compact forms may also be less aggressive. Spreads by rhizomes. Most are drought-resistant, but some need water in summer. Encourage fresh summer growth by shearing leaves before flowering.
These well-loved houseplants were brought by the Victorians from Lord Howe Island, a tiny South Pacific paradise. Just two species exist: H. forsteriana and H. belmoreana. Indoor plants are youngsters, with a slender stem rather than a trunk. Grown outdoors in frost-free climates, they develop a markedly ringed trunk with a swollen base. The branching clusters of small greenish brown flowers emerge from a long papery casing. Orange to deep red fruits follow.~~Locate outdoor plants under the shelter of taller trees. Water freely during growing season, less at other times. Wipe off the fronds of indoor plants regularly to prevent spider mites. Trim damaged and discolored leaves.
These woody climbers grow like Jack's beanstalk, clinging to a rough wall or lattice with tendrils that spring from the leaf tips. Blooming from late spring into fall, the fragrant flowers may remind you of bells or cups of nestled in green saucers. Annuals in colder regions, they live from year to year in mild winters. Provide good drainage, soil that's not too rich, and shelter from cold wind. Blooms from seed in the first year, but don't sow directly in garden soil, as seeds may rot; sow in 4-in. (10 cm) pots, first cutting through the seed's hard outer shell. Barely cover with soil and keep just moist. When weather is reliably warm, transplant to a sunny garden plot. Watch for aphids and spider mites.
Tansy, alecost, feverfew--the traditional names for these herbs conjure up a medieval cottage garden. They've been used for centuries to scent closets, flavor ale, soothe stomach-ache, and drive away insects. Hardy perennials, most have button- or daisylike flowers and aromatic, feathery foliage. Some nurseries may still sell them as chrysanthemums, so look closely for the second Latin name and common name. Nearly all need full sun and fairly dry soil. T. balsamita, called alecost or mint geranium, grows denser foliage in partial shade. They can take dry heat and cold, but droop under humidity or dampness. Many self-seed and spread rapidly, so give them room--in a wild garden or rocky terrace--or be prepared to curb their growth.
Plant these evergreen shrubs or small trees for a long-lasting winter display of showy edible berries in shades of white, lavender or orchid-pink. Shiny leaves and clusters of small, fluffy white flowers, sometimes tinged with green, add appeal. Give them full sun, deep, rich soil and plenty of water. Can be trained to grow as a tree, reaching 10 to 25 ft. (3 to 7.5 m) high. If not trained, the shape tends to be ungainly.
Like their cousins, the Agaves, these Mexican natives make a bold centerpiece for the succulent or rock garden. Rosettes of succulent leaf blades with finely toothed edges grow up to 6 ft. (2 m) long. A reddish stem bears showy tiers of green-tinged red flowers with brick-red bracts. Named for a German botanist, Friedrich Beschorner. Does best with plenty of sun and rich, well-drained soil. Can't take much frost. Where winters are cold, grow smaller container plants that can be moved inside. Feed potted plants in spring and summer with diluted liquid fertilizer.
These favorite Cacti for pots, rock gardens and dry desert landscaping hail from the high Andes. Some species have been dubbed 'Old Man' for the dense white, brown, or black hairs that protect their spiny ribbed columns. Pink or purple flowers bloom on tubular stems near the crowns. Their tall shapes contrast well with creeping succulents and globular Cacti. For real drama, try O. pseudofossulatus, which may reach 9 ft. (2.75 m) O. celsianus var. fossulatus has distinctive golden spines. Well-adapted to weather extremes, they need full sun, plenty of fresh air, and night temperatures markedly colder than the day's, but above 50 deg. F. Don't try to keep them indoors; they'll languish. Young plants don't bloom for several years, first developing a bushy cluster of columns. Inspect regularly for mealy bugs and red spider mites, which can do hidden damage under the hair and spines.
The grass-like ornamental sedges offer a dizzying choice of colored stripes and textures, with over 1,000 species and even more cultivars. Their flat, curved or folded leafblades often have sharp edges--hence the botanical name, from the Greek keiros, to cut. Natives of bog and moor, they need wet to moist soil. ~~Plant by a garden pond for colorful reflections, or accent a deck or patio with potted sedges. Their rhizomes produce both short sterile shoots and long, solid fertile ones. Some species, particularly C. riparia, are invasive, so locate them with care. Grow more plants by dividing in spring, or sowing ripe seed.
The Arizona desert's vast stretches of towering Saguaros (C. giganteus) are the best-known of these branching shrub- and tree-sized Cacti. Other species flourish from the Caribbean to South America. Handsome, hardy and fast-growing, they make impressive accent plants and hedges. Spangles of long, sharp spines grow far apart on the smooth, green to blue skin. From June to September, medium-sized flowers bloom, usually white and often fragrant. The fleshy, red or yellow fruits split open when ripe, exposing edible white or rosy pulp. Give them full sun and plenty of room to spread out. Water and feed generously when growing, when they're hard to overwater. Keep nearly dry in winter. They'll put up with some winter rain in frost-free regions. A few species tolerate slight frost if kept dry. Cuttings root easily. C. monstrosus, with its intriguing lumpy forms, is susceptible to mealybugs and scale.
A tolerant, free-blooming plant, the Sea Urchin Cactus can stand neglect and still multiply easily. Flowers can reach 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) long with good light and regular feedings. Use in rock gardens in warm climates, in containers in colder regions. Provide light shade for young plants. Give little or no water in winter.
Like fairytale siblings, there are just two species of these giant grasses--one 'good', one 'bad'. The well-behaved C. selloana graces gardens, parks and roadsides of the temperate U.S. with its fountains of sawtoothed leaf blades and shimmering plumes. But the wicked C. jubata, or Jubata Grass, is an aggressive pest. It seeds without pollination, spreading over disturbed ground and crowding out native plants on the California coast. Though considered nearly sterile, C. selloana can spread, so it's best not to plant it near wild areas. Watch for any seedlings, and dig them out completely before they become established. Thrives in full sun, heat and cold, and wet or dry conditions.
Their spiky, airy globes of needle-like leaf blades make dramatic focal points for a desert garden. Older leaves droop around the base, forming a shaggy mantle that collects water and provides support. Withstanding intense drought, they can live more than 150 years. They may go years without blooming, then send up a tall flower stalk with a close-packed spike of small, pale flowers, which may be thronged by bees. Low-growing species spread by underground branching. Others form woody stems, a few reaching tree-trunk size over time. Tiny teeth along the leaf edges are usually yellowish, but D. lucidum has distinctive burgundy prickles. D. longissimum, Mexican Grass Tree, forms a shimmering orb of fine grassy leaves that tremble in the slightest breeze. Choose a sunny spot with well-drained soil. Best where winter temperatures stay above 50 deg. F, but can take some periods of frost. Good for containers, which can be moved inside during longer cold spells. Water regularly spring to fall--letting soil nearly dry out in between--and sparingly in winter. Easy to propagate from seeds or cuttings. The bases, stalks and old leaves attract and house insects, though the plant is generally not harmed.
One of the best ornamental grasses, it is grown for its huge, graceful flower stalks in a variety of colors including green, purple, golden yellow, brown, and silver. It looks good even in winter, with flowering spikes on stout stems that often last into the season, and dense tufts of shiny, dark green leaves. Plant in moist soil and, in hot climates, in semi-shade. Will tolerate some shade elsewhere. D. holciformus (Pacific Hair Grass) is drought-tolerant.
Create your own Jurassic Park with these majestic, palm-like ferns. No other plant so evokes the mystery of the primeval rainforest. They're particular as to habitat, and need a bit more fussing over than most trees or ferns, but if you meet their demands, they're hardy and long-lasting. D. antarctica, Tasmanian Tree Fern, may reach 35 to 50 ft. (10.5 to 15 m) tall, with a soft mantle of old fronds up to 2 ft. (60 cm) in diameter. D. squarrosa, Slender Tree Fern, has a very slim trunk and stiff prickly fronds that fall off with age. In their required setting--rich, well-drained soil, shade and lots of moisture--they're easy to establish or transplant. D. antarctica will take full sun as long as it's humid. Most won't tolerate much frost, though the prickly New Zealand species D. fibrosa likes it cool, surviving even in Seattle with protection. In periods of dry heat or wind, mist top, trunk and roots frequently. Feed regularly with a half-strength solution of bloodmeal or fish emulsion. When new croziers emerge from old growth, trim any dead or damaged fronds. Mulch exposed roots with peat moss. Usually grown from spores, but some, such as D. antarctica and D. squarrosa, can be propagated from side shoots at the base. When the young fern is 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide with a frond over 10 in. (25 cm) long, carefully cut off and pot, transplanting once rooted.
When transported British convicts reached Australia's Botany Bay, they found slopes covered with these massive 'lilies'. Big, arching leaf blades grow 3 to 6 ft. ( 90 cm to 2 m) long--or even 10 ft. (3 m) on D. guilfoylei. The flower stalk towers to 18 ft. (5.5 m), crowned with a club-shaped cluster of bracts sheathing scarlet blossoms. Native Australians made wide use of the plants. They roasted the tuberous roots and flower stalks, wove strips of leaves into sturdy mats and baskets, and even crouched under the leaves to snare nectar-feeding birds. Give them full sun, a humus-rich, well-drained soil, and a minimum temperature of 50 deg. F. Though they hold up well in a drought, they prefer plenty of water in the growing season, and barely moist soil in winter. Easily propagated from seed, though they won't bloom for several years.
Unlike most Bromeliad groups, these grow on the ground from thick rhizomes, forming stemless rosettes of spiny-edged, curving leaves. Desert-lovers, they fit right in with Agaves, Cacti and succulents in a rock garden. Easily confused with the Hechtias, their more compact growth makes them a better choice for tight spaces. Container plants add a striking sculptural accent to a deck or patio. Grow in full sun and very gritty, porous soil. In a garden bed, they send down deep roots and in time may need no watering. Water young plants and containers moderately from spring to fall, and sparingly in winter. Can handle long cold spells as long as temperatures stay above freezing. Need repotting only every few years. Grow more from seed or by dividing the rhizomes.
These easy-to-care-for, slow-growing, members of the cycad family have a dense crown of tough, stiff, evergreen leaves in fronds. Popular indoor and greenhouse plants, their scaly cones and fruits also offer ornamental interest. Grown outdoors in the South. From their tuberous or stout cylindrical trunks, they put out suckers to start new plants. Plant in loamy soil. Water frequently.
These more than 1000 species of popular orchids are easy to grow in pots and baskets or in specially prepared beds outdoors. Flowers in many shapes and colors. Hardy to 28 deg. F, but prefer a temperate greenhouse. Locate outdoors in sun, and mulch to keep roots cool. Plant in a mix of fir or bark in potting soil. Let plant dry out between watering. Bloom fades, cut back to within 1 or 2 joints from the ground.
Native to tropical Asia and the Philippines, these houseplants require high humidity. They're grown for their large leaves and masses of greenish to yellow flowers. Leaves produce oxygen and clean the air. Colorful berries come in yellow, orange, or red. Most tolerate low light. Reduce winter water unless plant is flowering or high room temperature dries soil.
Yes, you can grow your very own pineapples provided you meet their demands for strong light, still air and high humidity. Outside of the tropics, this means a greenhouse or conservatory. They also make impressive-though fruitless-houseplants, still requiring good humidity. A. bracteatus (Red Pineapple) produces a showy 6-in. (15 cm), red to lilac flower head, and seedy but sweet fruit. A. comosus bears fruit at 3 yrs. Forms of both species sport variegated leaves. Give as much direct light as possible, with slight shade from the hottest summer sun. Completely shelter from drafts, especially the variegated strains of A. comosus. For best fruit, keep a summer minimum of 60 to 68 deg. F and rest in winter at 55 to 60 deg. F with less water. During growth, water generously when soil nearly dries out. When fruits start to swell, feed liquid fertilizer, and reduce water and humidity. Harvest just before completely ripe. Container plants produce smaller fruit. Root 1.5-ft. (45 cm)-long offsets in late spring, or let the cut fruit's leafy crown dry slightly, then pot. Sponge off any mealy bugs or brown scale. Remove and burn plants infested with white scale.
The true amaryllis is just one species of flowering bulb from South Africa. Its straplike leaves appear after the showy flowers bloom on tall solid stalks. Fragrant flowers are usually pink, but white and purple varieties are available. Bulb is poisonous. Globe-shaped fruits burst to reveal seeds. Hardy outdoors to central NY. Other plants called amaryllis are hybrids of hippeastrum. In zones 9 and 10, leave bulbs where they won't be disturbed for years. In colder climates, lift and store bulbs in winter.
These trees and shrubs are native Australians, garden favorites there since the 19th century. Popular in the southern U.S., their spikes of yellowish to reddish flowers turn into woody, cylindrical, conelike spikes of fruit. Won't tolerate frost, so plant against a wall or where they have shelter from evergreen or other woodland trees. Several are known for tolerating temperate coastal conditions.
These unusual Aussies are worth seeking out for your desert garden. When young, the round tuft of dense grassy blades appears stemless, but over time it's raised up on a thick, nearly black, woody stem. The bold flower spike grows 9 to 15 ft. (2.75 to 4.5 m) tall, with a narrow cluster of small, white blossoms. However, wild plants usually bloom only after a brush fire has swept through--a tough requirement in the established garden. Needs full sun and loose, sandy soil with perfect drainage. Don't water established plants. Good in a large container.
This single species offers lemon yellow, daisylike flowers for mixed beds, borders, and native plant collections. Easy to grow, these flowers like to take it easy, too. They don't open until well into the morning, and fold their petals up in late afternoon, earning the nickname Sleepy Daisy. Good in informal bouquets. Sow in spring, choosing a sunny location with any well-drained, moderately fertile soil. Stake stems for cut flowers.
These evergreen, spring flowering trees are grown for their fragrant foliage.~~Shelter from strong, cold winds when young. Needs plenty of sun and moist but well-drained soil. Propagate by seed in autumn.
Fuzzy leaves and tropical-looking flowers in brilliant purple make these Brazilian natives popular in mild climates and greenhouses. They are tall plants with fast and airy growth. New growth and buds sprout soft orange and bronze-red hairs.~~Keep roots in the shade, while sunning the tops. Grow from cuttings. Protect from wind. Watch for tobacco budworms in the flower buds.
Easy in desert and semi-desert regions, this cactus is a looker with lots of unusual tube-shaped flowers and long, spiny stems that grow in tall columns or twist and wind around each other like snakes. Flowers, which remain closed rather than spread their petals, are filled with nectar and are pollinated by hummingbirds. Fast-growing stems may reach 6 ft. (2 m) in less than five years.
The single species of evergreen native California shrub in this group put the "holly" in Hollywood. H. arbutifolia has thick, leathery, glossy, toothed leaves like the real Holly. Its large flat clusters of fragrant white flowers are followed by red-orange, hollylike berries last through the fall and winter. The berries attract birds. As a single or multi-stemmed specimen or hedge it offers some fire protection on dry hills. Its dense roots control erosion on banks. Drought-resistant, it tolerates some water; however, don't overwater. Plant 6 ft. (2 m) apart in full sun or partial shade for an effective screen. Prune in early spring for compact plant. Prone to fire blight.
One of the most popular exotic imports in Southern California, this single species of leafy garden shrub or street tree boasts 8-in. (20 cm)-long clusters of 2-in. (5 cm)-long blue to violet flowers. Its crowded fernlike leaflets on 1.5- to 2-ft. (45 to 60 cm)-long leaves give foliage an airy look. Disk-shaped seed pods are used in dried flower arrangements. Fast-growing, older trees reach 50 ft. (15 m) tall and wide. Prune in early spring to form single trunk. Prefer sunny location and sandy, well-drained, acid soil. Protect brittle branches from high winds. Grown in subtropical areas outdoors or in containers in temperate greenhouses. Not frost tolerant below 27 deg. F.
These ornamental trees and shrubs spread a globe of slender branches atop a sturdy trunk. Open sprays of fragrant lilac flowers bloom among bright green leaflets in spring and early summer. Clusters of round yellow berries remain on bare branches in fall. Fast-growing and self-seeding, though short-lived, they are often used for reforestation in Asia and Australia. The imported Chinaberry (M. azederach) has established itself in the southern U.S. and begun invading wild areas. The flatter, spreading shape of the Texan Umbrella Tree (M. a. 'Umbraculiformis') brings welcome shade to hot dry terrain where other trees won't grow. Rich green leaves turn gold in fall. Bushy 'Floribunda' blooms lavishly. Need full sun and a frost-free climate. Adapt to many well-drained soil types. Very drought-tolerant. Plant where you can deal with leaf and fruit litter most of the year. Berries, flowers, leaves and bark can cause gastric or respiratory distress if eaten in quantities. Keep seedlings and suckers under control.
There's more to the Mesquites than the unique smoky savor they impart to grilled foods. Incredibly tough, adaptable trees, their Legume family trademarks of feathery leaves and long seedpods add appeal to a desert landscape. Where little rain falls they hunker down as shrubs, but by a watercourse or where roots reach groundwater they grow 20 to 50 ft. (6 to 15 m) tall, often with multiple trunks. Mature branches lose their spines and spread a welcome canopy of airy shade. Bees make a pure, sweet honey from the blossoms, and livestock feed on the ripe beans. Native people also ate these, brewed them for an alcoholic drink, used the sap for glue and dyes, and the hard wood for fences and fuel. Bunches of oddly twisted seedpods give P. pubescens (Screwbean Mesquite) its name; it seldom exceeds 20 ft. (6 m) Never entirely leafless, P. alba (Argentine Mesquite) grows new blue-green leaves as fast as the old ones are shed. P. glandulosa (Honey or Texas Mesquite) resembles the California Pepper Tree (Schinus molle), with bright green leaves on drooping branches and fragrant greenish-yellow flower spikes. Dealers offer 2 types of P. chilensis (Chilean Mesquite): the true species, evergreen in mild winters, and a possibly hybrid deciduous strain. Both form shallower root systems than other Mesquites. Look for a spineless form of the evergreen. Plant in full sun, water moderately and keep dry in winter. Specimen trees on lawns can adapt to more frequent watering. Good for erosion control on sandy slopes. Roots reaching 60 ft. (18 m) deep may prohibit transplanting, so grow in a container until ready for a permanent location. Grow from seed, by removing suckers, or from semi-ripe cuttings.
These 1000 species of flowering evergreen trees and shrubs are known for their large thistle-shaped flowers. Their tubular blooms are surrounded by colorful bracts. They have leathery leaves and a bearded nut. Native to South Africa, these short-lived plants need just the right growing conditions. Plant in full sun on slopes with excellent drainage. Most prefer acid soil. Protect from drying winds. Young plants are especially tender, while older plants tolerate some low temperatures. Grow smaller types in containers.
Bright solitary or clustered flowers show off on these evergreen shrubs from South Africa. Hairy leathery leaves crowd their stems. Tubelike flowers grow in a thistle-shaped head and make excellent cut flowers. Bloom is in late winter or early spring. Fruit is a small whitish nut. Difficult to cultivate, these plants need just the right growing conditions. ~~Plant in full sun on slopes with excellent drainage. Most prefer acid soil. Protect from drying winds. Young plants are especially tender, though well-established plants tolerate some frost. Grow smaller types in containers.
Best in temperate northern climates, these annuals, biennials, and perennials are popular for their spikes of bright, snapdragon-like blooms. Long-spurred flowers are usually bicolor with contrasting lips. Blooms are yellow, blue, purple, or violet. Excellent cut flowers. Plant them as edging, borders, or in rock gardens. They're easy to grow in full sun and sandy, well-drained soil. Grow as an annual where summers are hot. Add to your plants by division. Grown from seed, they bloom the second year.
The spiny, sometimes edible fruit of this Cactus give it its name. Round or column-shaped stems carry buds that form beneath spiny skin, then burst through to produce showy, long-lasting flowers. Plant outdoors in an airy, well-ventilated spot in warm, dry climates, elsewhere, in greenhouses or indoors. Water moderately from spring to fall and very lightly or not at all in winter.
These aquatic plants are prized for their star-shaped, semi-double flowers, which bloom in many colors. Flowers and large leaves float on or rise just above the surface of water. Need full sun to bring out their gorgeous blooms. ~~Plant easy-to-grow, hardy varieties where freezing winters kill the tender tropical varieties. Plant rhizomes on the surface of soil, 8 to 12 in. (20 to 30 cm) below the waterline, in a pond or container.
There are more than 600 species of these tropical natives, several of which are popular in warm, frost-free areas or as greenhouse plants or houseplants. Prized for their foliage, some also offer exotic, long-blooming, veined flowers. These moisture lovers need frequent watering and misting, warm humid conditions and bright to low light. Pot in soil with fibrous bark or Osumunda tuber. Divide rootstock for more plants or to replace old plants with more vigorous, younger ones.
These striking shrubs accent a desert garden with clumps of silvery foliage, often with a felted or dusty texture. Sprigs of modest flowers lead to intriguing winged fruit bracts in some species. Most grow naturally in parched, alkaline or even saline soil, and tolerate wind and salty coastal air. Prized for decorations, the beautiful A. hymenelytra, Desert Holly, enjoys protection in parts of its Mojave/Colorado desert range. Bluish gray A. lentiformis, Quail Brush, forms a tough hedge or windbreak up to 10 ft. (3 m) high and 12 ft. (3.75 m) wide. Though most species mature to a forbidding thorniness, some, such as A. hortensis (Orache or Mountain Spinach), provide succulent, tasty greens when young. The need to plant and harvest frequently rules it out as a commercial crop, but it's well worth growing in a kitchen garden. White-leafed forms have the sweetest flavor. Crimson, coppery red or purple leaves of the rubra or atro-sanguinea varieties add vivid contrast to ordinary salad greens, as well as flower borders. Give full sun and a very well-drained, not-too-fertile soil. Water A. hymenelytra heavily, from February to May only. Cut back taller species in spring to keep bushy and remove any frost-damaged branches. Shape hedges by clipping new growth. Grow softwood cuttings in summer, divide perennials, or grow from seed. For a regular harvest of tender new leaves, sow A. hortensis seeds every 2 weeks. Plant 2 ft. (60 cm)apart and thin if necessary. Rich, moisture-retentive soil yields the best crop. It will bolt if the soil dries out, so keep irrigated--straw mulch helps. Pinch back flowerheads.
Over 400 species of these brightly blooming shrubs occur in the tropics and subtropics, but just one grows wild in the temperate United States.: the California desert shrub J. californica, or Chuparosa. In spring, soft red flowers somewhat like a Salvia's cover the widespreading branches, attracting birds. Hardiest of the tropical species, J. brandegeana makes an appealing houseplant, though it tends to grow leggy after a year or two. The masses of pinkish-red flowers, blooming nearly year-round, earned its common name Shrimp Plant. It thrives on a south- or east-facing windowsill, and can summer outdoors. J. brandegeana Variegata has cream-blotched leaves. The hundreds of frost-tender species bring lush green foliage and spikes of red, purple, yellow or white flowers to a greenhouse tub or bed. Big arching leaves in opposed pairs resemble an avocado plant's. ~~The undemanding Chuparosa flowers best in full sun or a little partial shade, with a well-drained medium- to high-fertility, loamy soil. Soak well, then let become somewhat dry. Shrimp Plant needs more constant moisture, or leaves may drop. Water plentifully and feed weekly in full growth. Best at about 70 deg. F during the day, 60 deg. F at night. Keep just moist in winter, with a minimum of 45 to 50 deg. F. Drafts can cause flower drop. Replace gangly specimens yearly, or repot and top-dress (covering the soil with compost). ~~Tropicals and subtropicals need higher temperatures and humidity, and very coarse rich soil kept moderately moist. In winter, keep night temperatures above 60 deg. F; days, 5 to 15 deg. higher. Keep young plants bushy by pinching off, and prune back hard in spring. All species grow quickly and may form buds in the first year. Remove these; blooming too young impedes development of a mature healthy plant. Grow from cuttings at any time. Susceptible to scale and mealybugs.
The one species in this group, B. emoryi, grows wild along Mexico's Pacific coast and on islands off Baja California. Shrubby clusters of slim, spiny branches bear small, funnel-shaped, pale yellow flowers in spring and early summer. Like most Cacti, it thrives in warm dry settings, but needs some shade in hot weather. Give plenty of water in warmer months. Keep nearly dry from mid-autumn to early spring, misting lightly on warmer days in late winter. During this winter rest period it tolerates temperatures close to freezing. New plants grow easily from seed or cuttings.
Members of the Orchid family, these plants are inexpensive and easy to grow. Grown in woodland gardens and in pots for their groups of 1 to 2 in. (2.5 to 5 cm) lavender flowers. Their grassy leaves are pleated. They come from temperate eastern Asia, so are hardy only down to 20 deg. F. Mulch in colder climates. Plant in dappled sun and shade. Blooms best when crowded.
There are five species of these succulent bromeliads, native to Chile. Rose or yellow flowers appear low in their rosettes of many spiny, narrow leaves. Only one species, O. carnea, is commonly grown. Plant on rocks or in the ground in sunny location.
Grown in Europe since the 19th century, these bromeliads are popular houseplants. There are more than 225 species growing in rain forests from Mexico to South America and in the West Indies and Costa Rica that vary widely in size, shape and flower color. They reach from 6 in. (15 cm) wide to 5 ft. (1.5 m) by 5 ft. (1.5 m) giants. Foliage ranges from green-black to pale chartreuse to red, and some have dazzling markings. Looking a little like tropical birds, their yellow, red, green or purple bracts surround spikes of flowers of yellow, white, or green. Most prefer dappled light, good air circulation, warm temperatures and high humidity.
Nicknamed the "Rose-of-Venezuela," these small evergreen trees are grown for their 8-in. (20 cm)-wide clusters of scarlet or pink flowers. Bloom starts from the outside, one circle of flowers a day until the center circle opens. The blooms grow on the tips of branches or hang among the foliage. Leathery leaves are limp and colorless or reddish when young. Fruits are flat pods. Native to the moist lowlands of tropical America, these aren't commonly grown in the U.S., except in hothouses. Won't tolerate dry soil.
This splendid flowering tree grows tall and slender in high-altitude tropical rainforests, reaching 90 ft. (27 m) Planted in the open at lower altitudes, it takes on a bushy form from the ground up, seldom exceeding 40 ft. (12 m) Deep green, 1-ft. (30 cm)-long leaves, divided into lobes or leaflets, form a dense crown. From summer to late autumn it offers a glorious floral display: creamy, frilly spikes of delicately curling stamens, 8 to 12 in. (20 to 30 cm) long. In good years, these cover the tree and perfume the air. Though popular and widely planted in Australia, your only U.S. source may be an arboretum or botanical garden. Worth seeking out if you can provide the right conditions: mild year-round with ample water in summer, little or no frost in winter. Won't flower as well in high humidity. Needs a sheltered warm location with medium to heavy, well-drained but moist, acid soil. Drought-resistant. Recovers from slight frost damage with new spring growth, flushed red or pink. Grow from fresh seed, covered lightly, or take cuttings from branch tips soon after flowering. Fresh seed sprouts quickly, but becomes less viable over 3 to 5 years.
These 40 species of shrubs and unusually tall trees are planted in their native tropical America for their resinous sap and aromatic smell. In the U.S., they're grown in warm climates or greenhouses for their clusters of small flowers and colorful berrylike fruit. Plant in a mixture of loam and peat.
Named for the daughter of the river god Achelous, their big cup-shaped, crimson and magenta flowers dance on long slim stems above pretty hand-shaped leaves. Perennials with thick taproots, they thrive in hot sun and poor soil, and most survive frost to 5 deg. F. Excellent flowers for hard-to-reach corners of a dry rock garden, also fine for mixed borders. C. involucrata (Purple Poppy Mallow) spreads a low mat of leaves, brightened in summer with violet blossoms. Give full sun and well-drained sandy soil. Transplant with care, keeping the tuberous roots as intact as possible. Grow from seed, by division or from cuttings in summer.
Native to the dry states of the Southwest, these water-saving flowering plants make good small area ground covers. Their bloom looks similar to their Primrose relatives. Plant between boulders or in rock gardens.
Of these 110 species of broad-leaved evergreen trees, two are native to Oregon and California. They're popular for their handsome, dark, lustrous leaves. Relatives of Chestnut and Oak trees, their nuts are enclosed in spiny burrs. Scaly winter buds turn to flowers and bloom in erect fluffy spines. Not cold hardy. Require well-drained, even dry soil, and tolerate acid soil.
These vigorous, colorful vines clamber and twine over walls, fences, slopes and stumps. Cuttings of the rosy fruit capsules, bursting with glossy red-orange seeds, add brilliant color to autumn arrangements. Untouched by birds, fruits may last on the vine well into winter. But a word of caution: Without vigilant pruning, the stems can form a tangled mass, choking the life out of shrubs and trees. C. scandens, American Bittersweet, grows 10 to 20 ft. (3 to 6 m) tall in nearly any setting except soggy ground. Fruits clustered at stem tips show off before the leaves fall. Though more vigorous, reaching 30 to 40 ft. (9 to 12 m), C. orbiculatus (Oriental Bittersweet) bears fruit along the stems, half-hidden while leaves remain. C. rosthornianus (or loeseneri), Chinese Bittersweet, bears lots of fruit but is less hardy. Except for a self-pollinating form of C. orbiculatus, male and female flowers grow on separate plants. The aggressive male plants can even crowd out females, so plant no more than one male for every five females. C. scandens Indian Brave pollinates Indian Maiden. Thrive in full sun or semi-shade. Locate carefully, with good access for pruning and away from vulnerable shrubs and trees. Hardy to 5 deg. F. Control by removing fruiting branches in winter, pinching off branch tips throughout growing season. Spreading roots make transplanting difficult. Since the sex of seed-grown plants cannot be determined for some time, ensure females by rooting cuttings in late winter. Susceptible to euonymus scale.
The small, trumpet-shaped flowers on these 100 species of shrubs and small trees are borne in heads above oval leaves. Native to tropical America, Africa and Asia. Require excellent drainage. Plant in a compost of sandy soil, fibrous peat, leaf soil and lumpy loam.
This drought-tolerant evergreen or deciduous shrub or low tree is grown in western North America and Mexico for its hard, heavy wood. In fall, its small fruits are topped by shiny feathery plumes. However, it doesn't offer much ornamental value in the garden, though it can have interesting branching. It has leathery oval leaves and small solitary flowers. Prefers dry soil and full sun or light shade.
These 6 species of annual or perennial herbs come from South Africa. They have simple or 3-lobed leaves, and sport solitary pink to lavender flowers.
These tropical palms are grown outdoors in shady, moist sites in zone 10 only. Use outdoors as understory trees. Indoors, they're popular, thornless, tough-leafed houseplants. They thrive in low light with little water in warm rooms with high humidity. Within the 100 species, size and foliage vary. They range from a few inches tall to 8 ft. (2.5 m) Their tubular flowers become black or red fruits. Prone to nematodes.
Often strong-smelling, most considered weeds, these humble, undemanding plants have lots to offer: handsome, colorful leaves and fruits, tasty shoots and greens, even high-protein grain. Fuzzy hairs or a coat of mealy white cloak their foliage. The foot-like lobes of some species' leaves earned them a common name, goosefoot, as well as the genus' Latin name--actually the Greek chen, for goose, and pous, foot. Stems, often striped red or white, may grow straight up to 9 ft. (2.75 m) or sprawl with erect tips. Greenish or reddish flowers form small, tight heads. Peeled and steamed, its young shoots rival asparagus. Tender young leaves are tasty cooked or raw in salads. U.S. farmers recently began growing C. quinoa, a traditional Andean grain high in protein. The lovely trailing branches of C. virgatum bear bright red, raspberry-like fruits among long, slender, pointed leaves with flared lobes. C. amaranticolor and C. purpurascens have red or purple young shoots and leaves. A well-known wild green, lamb's quarters (C. album), has naturalized in North America. Air-dried, the slender yellow-green flower spikes of C. botris (Feather Geranium, Jerusalem Oak) exude a pleasant, long-lasting scent. Easy to grow. Sow seed in spring in moderately fertile soil, with full sun. Water in dry periods. C. bonus-henricus needs deep, rich soil. Plant 12 in. (30 cm) apart, in rows 1.5 ft. (45 cm) apart. Don't harvest shoots until the 2nd year. From 3rd year on, cut below soil as for asparagus. Harvest regularly before stems grow bitter and tough. Cut off old stems in late fall or early winter and mulch with compost. Divide in spring, or transplant seedlings.
This African relative of Gladiolus opens its brightly colored flowers in late winter or early spring, when there's little else in bloom. Needs plenty of water during the growing season, but once established is drought-tolerant and requires little special care. Cut off spent flower heads to avoid self-seeding. Grow from corms planted 3 to 4 in. (7.5 to 10 cm) deep when soil warms in spring. Leave the swordlike foliage intact until you dig up corms for winter storage. Corms may remain in the ground in areas where the soil doesn't freeze.
An ornamental, clumping grass with flat leaves and arching, flowering stems, it adds an elegant touch to flowerbeds, meadows, or woodland areas. Straw-colored stems and graceful seed heads look good in dried arrangements. Cut almost to the ground in winter when leaves turn brown. Divide overgrown clumps in spring or early fall.
The exotic-looking Blood Lily is best grown in pots or indoors in all but tropical and subtropical regions. Like its relative Amaryllis, it produces big flower clusters on long stems. Plant bulbs where they are to grow and do not transplant or repot unless necessary. Water freely until blooms appear, then taper off and eventually cease watering. Fertilize established plants regularly.
Easy-to-grow turtleheads are similar to penstemons but do well in partial shade. At home beside lakes, stream, ponds and other boggy areas, they require little care besides watering. Hooded lilac-pink flowers are shaped like a turtle's head. Propagate by seed sown in spring or cutting in summer.
These massive, leafy plants were recently dubbed Dinosaur Food because of their prehistoric look. Although club-shaped flowers may be hidden at the base of the plant, leaves can be startling, sometimes as large as 8 ft. (2.5 m) If you plant it in a spot where it can be the center of attention and give it plenty of room, Dinosaur Food will be a real conversation piece. Don't mix with other big plants--the effect is jarring. For maximum size, feed when growth starts in the spring and then twice more during the year. This is one of the few plants that benefits from overhead watering, at least in dry, windy areas or where humidity is low.
Similar to Echeveria, this easy-to-grow succulent forms rosettes of plump, often blue-tinged leaves. Flowers are star-shaped. Plant in warm, dry areas in rock gardens, on slopes, in walls or in containers. Sun lovers, but they can tolerate shade or part-shade in hot climates. G. amethystinum and G. paraguayense are among the most attractive.
Planted in masses, this unusual, grasslike shrub makes a good perennial border or waterside planting. Planted singly, this South African native is an attractive container plant. Tolerates moist conditions but do not fertilize heavily.
Gardeners who grow these for their dazzling, deep blue flowers must be willing to work for their reward. Although many grow wild in North America, few respond to cultivation. G. asclepiadea, G. andrewsii and G. semptemfida are the exceptions. They adapt well to cool gardens, light shade and slightly acidic soil. Use in rock gardens.
The spider flower adds a graceful, dainty look to the garden, producing lacy clusters of long flowers from summer to fall. Slender pods may follow flowers. A tall-growing annual or evergreen that may reach 6 ft. (2 m), it looks best in back of flower beds, against fences and in large containers. Strong scent may be unpleasant to some. Flowers and seed pods look good in arrangements. Plant in groups--single specimens make little show. C. serrulate attracts bees. Best where summers are hot and in sandy soils.
The common name Ice Plant is shared by other plant groups worldwide, but this group includes the succulent ground cover familiar to West Coast travelers and beachgoers. Its asterlike, satiny blossoms come in purples, reds and magentas so brilliant they seem fluorescent. The trailing, fleshy stems and 3-sided leaves form a thick mat, good for stabilizing sandy banks and hillsides as long as the slope is gentle; if too steep, the plant's water-logged weight will pull out its roots. The botanical name comes from the Greek karpos, fruit, and brota, edible. Some species, such as the Hottentot Fig (C. edulis), bear edible--but not always tasty--fruit. Start a new planting with pint- to quart-size container plants, 16 to 24 in. (40 to 60 cm) apart. Must have full sun and good drainage. Very drought-tolerant once established, but likes occasional thorough watering. Patches may die back if it gets too little water or nitrogen during the growing season. Moderately fire-retardant. Propagate with stem cuttings in spring or fall. Susceptible to scale. Escaped from gardens, ice plant can naturalize and be tough to get rid of.
Among the showiest plants for shady gardens, this group ranges from the powdery Dusty Miller to the brilliant Mexican Flame Vine. Depending on the region, Cineria may produce big clusters of bright flowers from late winter to early summer. The most familiar type -- known by the group name, Cineraria -- has big masses of daisy-like, often two-colored flowers.In mild winter areas, plant in fall for late-winter bloom. In colder areas, plant like annuals in spring after chance of hard frost. Plants will often self sow and naturalize. Best in rich soil in cool, shady spots. Susceptible to leaf minors. Bait for snails and slugs. Do not crowd -- lower leaves will yellow and fall --- and do not let plants dry out.
Often used by florists in wreaths, this woodland native makes a pretty but slow-growing groundcover. It's also used in rock gardens, along paths and under trees and shrubs. There are numerous, milky white flowers, but the leaves steal the show. Leathery foliage matures to bronze or red in fall and keeps its color through the winter. Plant in spring or fall in peaty, acid soil with lots of organic matter. Propagate by division of rooted runners in spring,
One of the first plants to bloom in winter or early spring, Snowdrops provide a touch of quiet beauty when the world is its bleakest. This, and its elegant, nodding white flowers have made it a favorite of gardeners for decades. Snowdrops insist on a cool, moist environment, preferably in light shade. They delight in hills and banks. Divide after bloom, but only when needed. Plant small bulbs in early fall in drifts rather than neat rows.
Fantastic thorny denizens of the Southwest American deserts, some dozen species include branching shrubs, trees with trunks, and the unique Ocotillo, a towering spray of branchless, wandlike stems. Seemingly lifeless through many parched months, with rainfall it sprouts tender green leaves and showy blossoms. Its thorny stems form a splendid living fence. Various species bloom in red, purple, creamy yellow or white. Hummingbirds throng to their nectar. Different native tribes ate the fruit, softened leather with the resin, and steeped the roots and flowers for medicine. Give them high ground in the landscape, where their silhouettes can stand out against the sky. Plant bare-root or container plants anytime in sandy, well-drained soil, staking until established. Desert survivors, they need full sun and handle temperatures from 10 to 120 deg. F (-12 to 50 deg. C). Let dry out between waterings during the summer, just spray the branches as weather cools, and keep dry in winter--overly wet soil can cause rot. Cuttings root easily.
The blooms of the Horned Poppy are big and showy, but usually only a few are open at once and these last just a day or so. Group in informal parts of the garden, in borders of mixed flowers, or mix with other gray-leafed plants or succulents. Seed capsules may reach 1 ft. (30 cm) Best grown as a biennial.
These hardy, adaptable shrubs of the Pacific Northwest hug the ground in poor terrain but reach tree size in moist, rich soil. Native tribes made arrows from the long, straight hardwood branches. The drooping sprays of small, creamy flowers attract birds. Coarsely toothed leaves are deep green above, hairy underneath. Virtually care-free, they're good for property edges and natural woodland settings. Prune after flowering or in early spring to remove old or overcrowded branches. Most easily propagated by layering.
The name of this plant comes from the Greek word for evening, alluding to the sweet evening fragrance of some varieties. Erect perennial with soft, narrow leaves and loose, usually single blooms that resemble stocks. Use in wild or natural gardens, where they pair well with ferns. Tends to get woody at the base, so raise new plants from seed every few years.
A yucca-like plant with clumps of leathery leaves that often have thin, peeling fibers at their edges. Tall flower stalks bear nodding blooms in early summer. Combine with other desert plants or plant in containers. Needs sunny, dry conditions similar to those in its native Texas and northern Mexico. Do not water in the dry season.
Native to the tropics, the Honey Bell thrives in mild, dry climates such as that of California, or as an easy container or hanging-basket plant. Young leaves are often fuzzy. Honey-scented flowers are solitary or in clusters. Plant in full light and fertile, well-drained soil. Water freely when in growth, moderately otherwise. If plants become scraggly, prune in late winter or early spring to restore shape.
American Indians used the bark of this native American shrub as a tonic, laxative and astringent, but gardeners appreciate the easy-to-grow bush because it thrives in poorly drained soil and needs little pruning. Ideal alongside ponds, lakes or streams in full sun, although plant will stand a little shade. Its small, globe-shaped flowers are useful for late-summer bloom. Propagate by seeds sown in fall in a cold frame where soil can be kept uniformly moist.
Quaker Ladies or Bluets are mat-forming, summer-flowering perennials that thrive in damp, shady spots. Plant in acid soil in rock gardens, open woodlands or shaded paths. Mulch with leaf mold or other organic material in fall. Plant often self-sows.
The best-known members of this huge group are showy flowering trees that grace parks and avenues of the Southwest. Their cascading blossoms range from pale primrose to rich bronze, as well as white, red, pink, purple and maroon. Fast-growing, they flourish in hot sunny climates. Shrubs make good container plants.~~Give plenty of water in growing season. In winter, keep evergreens just moist, deciduous plants almost dry. Prune after blooming to prevent the flat, leathery seedpods from forming. Otherwise, it's best to leave the natural shape alone. Propagate by seed or cuttings.
These exotic-looking summer- and autumn-blooming bulbs are grown for their dense flower spikes topped by overlapping bracts that look like the top of a pineapple. E. comosa is probably the most attractive in bloom, with tall, elegant flowers and attractive seed pods that turn wine-colored. Plant the Pineapple Flower in spring in beds, in front of shrub borders or in containers. Mulch heavily in severe winters.
These lovely blue starlike lilies provide a graceful accent in borders and by ponds and streams. Some hardier species will naturalize in a wild garden. Although C. quamash is a native American staple which saved countless pioneers from starvation on the Oregon Trail, wild-food enthusiasts must avoid the poisonous, white-flowered 'death camas' that grows alongside the blue camas lilies. Likes full sun, with some shade in hot climates. Needs deep, fertile, very moist soil. C. biflora, a native of dry rocky habitats, will tolerate drier soil. Plant bulbs in cold days of late fall so they won't root until spring. Protect with mulch through lengthy cold spells. Grow more from seed or divide well-established clumps.
The showy stamens look like pompons of vivid red, pink, purple, green-white or white. A large group of herbs, shrubs and small trees, they thrive in dry open spaces. Need a frost-free climate or protection from light frost, with full sun or light shade. Water deeply and infrequently to encourage deep rooting, and stop watering during cooler months. Prune to thin and prevent damage, removing bare branches at the trunk. Watch for white flies and mealy bugs.
This running bamboo makes a good screen or hedge if controlled. It is smaller and more tender than many bamboos, and is best in mild climates, in tubs or indoors in cold areas. Colorful canes of red, purple or sometimes pink, depending on type. Evergreen perennials with slender rhizomes that sprout erect, nearly solid canes. C. quadrangularis has unusual square stems that, unlike many other bamboos, can be broken from canes by hand.
Named for the Greek hero Hercules, these huge, bold-looking plants grow wild and are seldom used in the garden. If planted, they need lots of space and are best for places like parks or along riverbanks. Some may reach 12 ft. (3.75 m), with stout stems and coarsely toothed leaves. Cut off faded flower heads to prevent unwanted, hard-to-remove seedlings.
This south-of-the-border cousin of the California poppy has clear yellow flowers with stiff stems. If cut before the buds open, they'll last up to a week in water. The feathery clumps of silvery blue-green foliage grace mixed beds, borders and windowboxes. Prefers alkaline soil, and won't tolerate wet conditions. Usually an annual, but can winter in a greenhouse (and will even bloom). Grows as a perennial in frost-free climates. Soak seeds before planting, sow in late summer or early autumn before night temperatures drop below 50 deg. F. Remove faded blooms to prolong flowering.
Similar to Sun Roses, this low-growing shrubby evergreen has short, straight flowers instead of long, curved ones. Good for rock gardens or anywhere in full sun. Shelter in cold areas. Little other care is needed except a light shearing after bloom. Established plants do not transplant well.
These perennial succulents have thick green or gray-green leaves that overlap in rosettes that often resemble artichokes. Leaves are at their brightest from autumn to spring, and are followed by long-lasting flowers in pink, red or yellow. The common name derives from the plant's clump-forming habit. In warm, dry climates, plant in rock gardens, on slopes, in dry walls or in containers. Where winters are too severe, lift before the first fall frost and store in a greenhouse or windowsill. Although they love sun, they will tolerate shade or part-shade in hot climates.
They are ideal for rock gardens, on banks or walls or as a groundcover wherever summers are cool. These wide-spreading evergreens grow only about 3 in. (7.5 cm) tall, with woody stems, oak-like leaves and cup-shaped flowers. Plant in gritty, well-drained soil. In spring, top dress with sandy soil mixed with crushed limestone and peat moss.
Use this small, mat-forming plant in rock gardens, wall gardens, containers or other intimate settings. Native to mountain and subarctic regions, they have tightly clustered leaves in rosettes and small yellow flowers. For a flat mat of greenery to cover small bulbs, in crevices or on small hills, plant D. sibirica. It spreads out into a first-class carpet of green, but will not threaten most other plants. D. aizoides forms small, dense hills, and D. oligosperma makes silvery mats. Draba can stand the cold, but not soggy soil.
Although they look like palms, these are related to conifers, bearing cones with flat, woolly scales and chestnut-size seeds that are poisonous when raw. Cooked and ground into meal, the seeds can be used to make tortillas. Use these evergreens to add a tropical touch to landscapes or containers. Plant in full sun and protect from frosts.
This is called the gas plant because of an unusual characteristic--on warm, calm nights the plant emits an oil that ignites if a match is held just below the blooms. One of the most long-lived perennials, it sometimes flourishes for more than 50 years. Spikes of 1" white flowers rise above clean-looking, glossy foliage that smells like lemons. The attractive seed pods look good in dried flower arrangements. Varieties with pink to purple flowers are also available. Needs plenty of space and time--possibly 3 to 4 years--to show its full beauty. These don't like to be moved, but once established, they need little care.
These medium-to-large creeping ferns are best for semi-wild or naturalistic landscapes. Plant in shade, although if soil is kept moist it can take more intense light than most ferns. Remove fading fronds regularly.
When they flower in May, these deciduous trees appear to be covered with white doves or handkerchiefs fluttering in the breeze. Although lovely, the Dove Tree or Handkerchief Tree is planted infrequently because it may take years to bloom. Give it plenty of room and shelter from strong winds. The Dove Tree is striking when set off by backgrounds of dark evergreens.
One of the few western U.S. natives comfortable in the east, the Umbrella Plant is best suited for wet places such as stream banks and bog gardens. In spring, its big flowers attract attention; later on the show centers on its 1- to 2-ft. (30 to 60 cm)-long leaves, which are shaped like shields. Keep soil moist.
Seldom used as an ornamental, Sunn-Hemp is cultivated for its fiber used in ropes, nets, canvas, packing material and paper. C. agatiflora, or Canary Bird Bush, bears unique yellow flowers that perch on a long flower spike. Plant in mild, dry, frost-free regions. Canary Bird Bush reaches 12 ft. (3.75 m) and will grow as wide unless pruned 2 to 3 times a year.
This tall-growing, free-flowering bulb is a cousin to the graceful amaryllis. In mild climates, these add a tropical touch to flower beds and at watersides. Lily-shaped flowers usually appear in spring or summer, but C. macowanni produces sweet-smelling pink or white flowers in autumn. Plant in light shade in humusy soil 6 in. (15 cm) underground, and give plants plenty of room. All parts of the plant are toxic.
Evergreen or deciduous vines, shrubs or small trees grown for their clusters of often fragrant, showy flowers. Vines twine beautifully around pillars, arches, and trellises, and shrubs and small trees look good in beds and borders. C. aculeatum makes a good hedge. C. trichotomum is hardy and C. bungei can stand some cold weather. Except for a few hardy varieties, they need a warm and preferably humid climate. Elsewhere, plant in greenhouses or indoors. Plant in full sun with partial shade in summer. Prune after flowering.
Named for pioneer American botanist John Clayton, this fleshy, low-growing perennial can sometimes be difficult. Several varieties are mountain natives and, especially in the case of C. megarrhiza, strongly prefer alpine environments. Spring-blooming C. virginica and C. caroliniana are good for rock and woodland gardens and other lightly shaded places, especially where there's lots of rich soil. Propagate by seed in autumn. Watch for aphids.
Grown for its big, glossy leaves with brilliant stripes of pink, red, bronze, yellow or purple--or a combination of these. Plant in warm climates as accents in dappled shade or in containers on patios, terraces or in a humid greenhouse. Water generously, but do not saturate soil. Remove tips from young plants to promote branching. Propagate by greenwood cuttings from first stem tips in spring or summer. Prune to shape from time to time.
These palm-like evergreen shrubs and trees have leaves high on woody trunks like Joshua Trees. Leaves are 1 to 2 ft. (30 to 60 cm) long and tinged with purple or red. Some types, such as C. australis and C. indivisa, bear decorative flowers. Most types are frost-tender and can be planted outdoors only in warm regions; they are often used as houseplants elsewhere. C. australis is hardy to 15 deg. F. Cut back when young to keep plant full and bushy. All types except C. terminalis tolerate some aridity.
Easy evergreen succulent grown for diverse foliage that ranges from big, fleshy gray-green leaves to small round green ones. C. undulata is especially beautiful, with young leaves thickly dusted with a white, waxy meal. Plant in sun or light shade in very well-drained soil. Use as a landscaping shrub, in beds or container plant in mild regions only. Like other succulents, plants need little water. Do not water C. undulata from above to avoid washing away its pretty, waxy coating.
Wild Buckwheat is most common in the western United States, where it grows wild and where the hot, dry climate suits it. Use it to cover slopes and banks, in rock gardens or in windy spots. The only eastern type, E. Allenii, is native to the shale barrens of Virginia and West Virginia and thrives at least as far north as New York City. Small blossoms grow in clusters that turn tan or rust as seeds ripen, and they make attractive cut flowers. Cut spent flower heads unless you want seedlings. With age, shrub types often become lanky, but periodic pruning will help plants keep their shape longer.
Water Hyacinths are nearly care-free water plants with pretty, lilac blue flowers, but watch out -- these can be real pests in warm, open water. In Florida, they have proliferated so rapidly they've blocked rivers and other waterways. Thin year-round. Needs calm water, preferably more than 1 ft. (30 cm) deep. Winter indoors in cold climates.
A western U.S. and Mexican native, it is best for rocky slopes, informal landscapes and remote spots where irrigation doesn't reach. Strongly scented shrub can reach 5 ft. (1.5 m) Leaves may drop in drought. Grow young plants in cans or other containers until they are ready for permanent location.
A versatile addition to any kitchen garden, it can be used to add zest to salads, as a delicate sprout, or as a coffee substitute. For coffee substitute, dry and roast roots. For blanched sprouts, force young shoots. Edible leaves add color and spice to salads. This group includes such gourmet specialties as Belgian or French endive and red-leafed radicchio as well as a widespread, blue-flowered weed, C. intybus. Chicory does best in rich soil and full sun, but may be difficult in hot-summer areas. Propagate by seed in autumn or spring.
Spanish and English bluebells are lovely spring bulbs that thrive with little attention. Resembling slender, untamed hyacinths, these woodland natives are best in informal drifts under trees and shrubs, along shaded paths or among low-growing perennials. Mulch in fall and fertilize in spring. Divide when they get too crowded. Many garden shops sell these as Scilla.
Use these early spring bloomers like crocuses, planted in groups or drifts in front of perennial borders, in rock gardens or under trees and shrubs. Winter aconite has pretty, buttercup-like flowers that look good with snowdrops, scillas and grape hyacinths. Plant in moist, porous soil in light shade. Because the growing season is short and foliage dies early, oversow the areas these occupy with fast-growing annuals such as sweet alyssum.
Includes about 40 annuals, biennials, and perennial herbs and shrubs that generally are grown for their flowers. Native to Europe, the Canary Islands, Africa and West Asia, they have various leaf forms and flowers in clusters or spikes, as well as bristly hairs or even harder bristles. Water freely in summer, moderately at other times. Propagate by seed in spring or by semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Susceptible to whitefly.
Varieties of this low-growing, spreading perennial survive in such tough spots as the limestone cliffs of Spain or the mountains of Greece. Use the heronsbill, named for its beaked fruits, for a flowering ground cover or in a rock garden. Plant in dry, very well-drained soil with limestone if possible. In cold climates, protect plants in winter and keep a few young plants in cold frames to replace those lost over the winter.
This exotic-looking shrub or tree is grown in tropical and warm regions for its unique branch structure and often astonishingly beautiful flowers. Named for its coral-reef-like architecture, the Coral Tree is an often thorny or spiny plant that can be grown alone or as a hedge. Types that bear flowers on shoots of the current season's growth should be pruned after flowering. Prune types such as E. crista-gali and E. speciosa, which bear flowers on shoots developed the previous year, after the shoots have died. Water sparingly in summer.
These perennial herbs often have bold, blue-green leaves, and sprays of white flowers in summer. Use for flower beds or informal plantings. C. cordifolia makes an excellent, fragrant perennial border. Leaf shoots of C. maritima (Sea Kale) are eaten as a spring vegetable. Tolerates shade but prefers a roomy, sunny spot. Easy to grow from seed, but will not bloom until the third year; plants raised from cuttings will bloom sooner.
A survivor of prehistoric times, Horsetails are rarely planted because they are so invasive and hard to eliminate. Confine to containers or water gardens. Rush-like, with hollow, striped stems that may look bushy, these were once used to make polishing and scouring agents.
These deciduous shrubs are grown for their abundant, showy white flowers that open in April from pearl-like buds. Use in mixed shrub plantings or in groups--alone they look somewhat thin and leggy. E. racemosa is the most commonly planted, but E. giraldii is more dramatic, with more flowers and pretty, pinkish-green young growth. Thin out weak and crowded branches after bloom. Watch for chlorosis. E. racemosa is resistant to oak root fungus.
With their shiny leaves, dainty flowers, and long-lasting scarlet fruits, these popular potted shrubs, small trees, and ground covers provide year-round beauty. For added interest, look for cultivars with variegated leaves.Most need a warm, frost-free climate. ~~Outdoors, give them partial shade and shelter from cold, drying winds. Don't let the soil get too dry. Repot and cut back established plants almost to the base in early spring. Propagate from seed in spring or semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Keep young plants in cool, humid shade until well rooted.
Stroll into any florist shop and you're likely to see pots of cheerful, polka-dotted, yellow and red pocketbook flowers. They're the best-known members of a huge group that ranges from dainty 8 in. (20 cm) miniatures to 6 ft. (2 m) shrubs. Tropical natives, most won't tolerate either frost, strong sun, or dry heat. To bloom well, they need fairly cool summers with good rainfall or attentive watering. During winter, bring them indoors, or in frost-free winters, shelter outdoors against a south-southwest-facing wall. Excellent as creeping ground covers for frost-free rock gardens. Needs moisture-retentive, well-drained, acid soil. Grow annuals and biennials from seed in spring, perennial herbs and shrubs from seed, by division, or from cuttings of new shoots in late summer and early autumn. Give seedlings and young plants good ventilation and extra protection from hot sun. In hot dry climates, sow seeds in late summer to ensure blooming before next summer's heat. Taller plants may need support. Avoid root rot and mildew by using sterilized seed and potting mix and by watering carefully at the plant's base. Water splashed on the blossoms can also cause permanent, unsightly spotting. Watch for aphids and whitefly.
In warm climates, these evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs are spectacular when flowering, with fragrant, orchid-shaped blooms. Single leaves have twin lobes. ~~Plant in a sunny location. Tips of branches may be killed by cold temperatures. Water freely during growth, less in winter. Thin out congested growth after flowering.
Excellent companions for other acid-loving plants, grow these spreading shrubs near water or in moist, cool soil. Often grown in well-watered rock gardens. In spring, these slow-growers are covered in clusters of tiny, bell-shaped flowers of deep pink to cream to white. Evergreen foliage is shiny green to gray-green. Some of these plants are also called Pieris. Prefer light shade, but take some sun. Won't tolerate low temperatures. Remove straggling or damaged branches in late autumn.
These undemanding palms are grown for their fruit in the humid lowlands of South America and thrive in a wide range of climates. The trunk forms slowly from the stubs of old fronds. They tolerate brief frost to 15 deg. F. Propagate by seed. Trim trunk stubs to the same length for a neater appearance.
Like the Howea genus, this palm hails from tiny Lord Howe Island in the South Pacific, where it grows in seaside forests cooled by tropical squalls. It's smaller, broader and lower growing than its inland cousin, with lighter, silvery blue fronds. The prominently ringed trunk turns from green to gray, reaching 4 to 5 in. (10 to 12.5 cm) thick. Dense clusters of yellow flowers are followed by dull red fruits. Since it needs shelter from full sun and harsh winds, it's a good choice for home or greenhouse. Slow-growing, it tolerates neglect, low light, and dryness. ~~Water regularly during growing season, keeping soil moist, but not soggy. Rarely needs repotting. Outdoor plants are prone to wind scorch.
These 200 species of plants, shrubs and trees were named for the ancient god of wine because of the spicy odor of their roots. They produce masses of flowers. They're easy to grow and start from cuttings. Prefer moisture-retentive soil, but tolerate drought. Prune out old branches to control height in early spring.
A striking choice for desert gardens, their bright silky blossoms contrast with forbidding, spiny leaves and stems. Their height and prickles best suit them for background plantings. Seedpods are usually prickly too. A. polyanthemos and A. sanguinea have white to mauve petals; A. platyceras, the most common species, and A. intermedia, bloom white; while mexicana blooms orange-yellow.~~They thrive in hot sun and poor, rocky soil. Must have good drainage. They don't transplant well, so grow from seeds in your chosen location. Like other poppies, they produce a gummy alkaloid residue used medicinally as a painkiller, relaxant, and treatment for ailments such as cataracts. All parts are poisonous if eaten.
When these 10 species of spineless palms mature, they have large, globe-shaped, green or purple blooms. Cherry-sized purple fruits follow flowers. Their leaves are pleated and toothed. After flowering, the trees die, but the suckers growing from the bases of their stout trunks carry on. Give ample water during growing season, less at other times. Never prune the tip of a palm or cut off the newest frond, since this stops all growth.
These hardy wildflowers harmonize beautifully with natural companions such as desert evening primrose and California poppy. Easily grown from seed, their woolly, silver-gray leaves and stems are a fresh contrast to greener plants. In low desert gardens they may bloom year-round.Sow seeds in fall or spring, rake in, and water thoroughly, keeping moist until sprouted. During dry spells, water every week or two for longer blooming.
Its delightful citrus fragrance wafts up as you roam the garden on a warm summer evening. Fresh or dried, the leaves add a sweet tang to hot or iced tea, jellies and potpourris. They're most aromatic in mid- to late summer, but can be harvested anytime. Grow outdoors in mild winter climates, or indoors by a sunny window. It tends to become leggy, so keep pinching back the stems to encourage branching and keep compact. Keep indoor plants almost dry in winter. Mulch garden plants with compost or leafmold. In late spring, cut out deadwood. Grow from cuttings.
Edible, brown to yellow fruit, nodding, purple, cup-shaped flowers and blazing yellow fall color make these rarely cultivated shrubs worth growing. Their large, simply shaped leaves sway in the lightest breezes. There are eight evergreen or deciduous North American species, which reach up to 40 ft. (12 m) tall in the wild. Some are difficult to transplant once established. Water during the growing and blooming seasons.
Most of these 200 species of perennial and annual ornamental grasses have coarse foliage with hairy spikelets. They're native to warm temperate and tropical climates, and require warm, deep, fertile soil. They tolerate dry soil. Water sparingly during growing and blooming season.
There are only two species of this tall palm, which bloom in dark yellow flowers. The round fruits surround a hard-shelled nut used for vegetable oil. The sap yields palm honey. Grown outdoors in the Mediterranean climate of Southern California, they need greenhouse conditions elsewhere. Water moderately during the growing season and less in winter.
Useful as an evergreen screen or espalier, these large spreading shrubs are covered in clusters of small yellow flowers in early spring. Their fragrance reminds some of chocolate, others of vanilla. Need fast-draining soil and regular fertilizer. In cooler climates, plant against a south- or west-facing wall. Protect from hot afternoon sun. Pinch to keep compact.
One of the most popular of the ornamental grasses, its airy plumes of flowers glisten in the morning dew and sway in gentle breezes. The handsome, arching, clumping foliage of some varieties provide rich fall foliage color. Slow to establish, they need rich, moist soils. Good for water gardens and shady spots. ~~Start by division.
A classic for the cottage garden or kitchen windowsill, these culinary and medicinal herbs are as attractive as they are useful. Flowers cluster at intervals and on the tops of the tall square stems. Cultivars bloom in colors ranging from whites and pinks to reds and dark blue-violets. Planted by Cabbage or Grapes, Hyssop's clean, camphorlike fragrance repels flea beetles and lures away cabbage moths. The chopped fresh leaves add a peppery bite to salads, and are a key ingredient in the liqueur Chartreuse. Herbalists use them to relieve asthma and bronchitis. Try them in potpourris, facials and herbal baths. Grow from seed in autumn or spring in a sunny spot with light, well-drained soil. Or, sprout 2 in. (5 cm) softwood cuttings in spring or early summer. Pinch to keep bushy.
Use these strongly scented evergreen shrubs where winters are warm and frost-free. Most are from South Africa, where they're used in medicine. Masses of nectar-bearing flowers secrete honey, though they're chiefly prized for their foliage. Widely used as a landscape plant in Southern California, they have an unpleasant odor when bruised. Tolerate most soils. Drought-tolerant once established. Prune in early spring before new growth begins, for height. In colder areas, mulch heavily to keep plants from dying back to the ground.
Add a note of cool serenity to a woodland garden with these lovely Asian imports. Broad, maple-like leaves on sturdy purple-red stems form a dense mass. From late summer into fall it's spangled with hanging blossoms in creamy white, yellow or apricot. The overlapping petals form an intriguing shape like a badminton shuttlecock. Give them deep, moist, humus-rich, lime-free soil and partial sun. Growing from seed is a challenge--they may take 10 months to germinate--so it's best to buy starter plants in pots. Plants spread slowly, forming good-sized clumps that can be divided in early spring before new growth begins.
The bright, mostly pea-shaped flowers of the Lotus have been prized since ancient times. Some have edible pods, said to be honey-sweet. Silvery, fine-textured foliage adds to their beauty. Use as a small-scale ground cover, in rock gardens and hanging baskets, or planted along walls where branches can trail. Give good drainage to prevent root rot.
Best in cool climates, these low, short-lived West Coast natives are easy to grow in moist soil. Plant them near water, as edging, or in rock gardens. Leave spent flowers, and they'll naturalize in the right conditions. Blooms in white, yellow or rose. Sow seed in spring or, in mild winter climates, early fall.
One of these two bold aquatic plants, N. nucifera, is among the few flowers known to have been grown by ancient peoples. The existence of the other, a yellow flowering North American native, wasn't reported until after Columbus's time. Both hold their leaves and large single flowers well above the waterline. Excellent in large masses, they're easy to grow if planted in ponds and full sun. Rootstock grows 30 to 40 ft. (9 to 12 m) in a year. Rootstock or tubers must show some growth before planting in mud. Plants take a year to establish, provided roots or tubers don't freeze during winter.
Though commonly called 'sage', don't confuse these ornamentals with the true culinary sages, salvia. Grow these for their appealing woolly leaves and whorls of flowers--white, yellow, pink, purple, or lavender--borne at intervals on tall 4-sided stems. Their sturdy charm suits informal and native gardens. Ground-hugging types with short flower stems, like P. rotata, brighten a rocky terrace. Best in a sunny Mediterranean climate, they don't mind poor soil if it's well-drained. Give a little water in long hot spells. Trim faded flower stalks and straggly growth. Easy to grow from seed, cuttings, or division.
Of the 125 species of perennials, annuals, and subshrubs, only O. caeruleum (Tweedia caesulea) is commonly grown. It twines weakly to 3 ft. (90 cm) long. Its few fleshy flowers are pale blue, darkening to lilac with age.
Shamrocks and wood sorrels sold around St. Patrick's Day are just 2 of the hundreds of varieties of these cheery, clover-like perennials. Most are low herbaceous plants, others are subshrubby or shrubby, grown for their attractive foliage and flowers. Flower buds, rolled like an umbrella, are white, pink, yellow, or rose. Use creeping varieties as ground covers, but some, like O. pescaprae, may become pesky weeds. Plant others in rock gardens or hanging pots. Sun, water and care requirements vary widely by species.
These hairy, evergreen, shrubby plants are grown for their deep blue or purple flowers. Use in rock gardens, containers, or edging. Require excellent drainage and lime-free soil. Partial shade during hot afternoon sun keeps flower color from fading. Best in cool summer areas.
Use these trailing, mat-forming annual or perennial ground covers in small areas, such as between paving stones and in rock gardens. Tolerates being walked on occasionally. Blooms in small blue or white flowers. Toothed or deeply cut leaves are set opposite to each other or in a rosette.
These tall, flowering plants provide striking background color and choice cuttings for arrangements. Petunia-like flowers come in unusual shades--cream, mahogany, brown--as well as a wide spectrum from yellows, hot oranges and reds to cool violets and blues. Contrasting veins and marbled patterns accent the petals. Many varieties of the cultivated species, S. sinuata, have even bigger flowers. Some strains have unmarked petals. They bloom best from late spring/early summer to the first frost. Need full sun and rich, moisture-retentive, but well-drained soil. Though their height suits them to the back row, allow access for hands-on care. Help them through hot, dry spells with regular watering and mulch. Pinch tips to induce branching. Gangly stems may need staking. Keep weeds cleared away, and deadhead promptly. Container plants can winter in a sunny, dryish, well-ventilated greenhouse with nights above 45 to 50 deg. F. Fertilize rootbound pots with diluted liquid fertilizer. Growing from seed takes extra care. Don't sow directly outside, but start 2 or 3 seeds to a seedling pot, and keep warm until sprouted, 7 to 10 days. Thin to 1 per pot and shelter until well established. Transplant outdoors when all chance of frost is past.
These bold, scrappy herbs may elbow aside weaker plants, but they earn their keep, having cured our ills and nourished our livestock for centuries. The roots contain allantoin--which stimulates new cell growth--and modern herbalists still use them for a host of ailments. Don't try it yourself without expert advice, and never eat the leaves--they're poisonous. They have an earthy charm, with fleshy, hairy stems and leaves topped by nodding clusters of small blue, purplish or yellowish flowers. Variegated types have leaves edged with creamy white. Lower-growing species like the yellow-flowered S. grandiflorum hug the turf of a rock garden. ~~Growing them is a snap; getting rid of them may be more difficult. They adapt to most any soil, thrive in partial shade or sun. Dormant in cold winters, leaves grow all year where it's milder. Any scraps of the old roots left in the ground will create a new crop. Can also grow from seeds or cuttings.
A drift of these provides the perfect 'carpet' for a woodland garden. When its white buds poke up through the soil, spring is on the way. Each bud emerges in the tight embrace of a coiled leaf, and once the blossoms open, the round, fuzzy geranium-like leaves unfurl. Native Americans decorated their faces and dyed clothes with the roots' bright red juice. A medicinal herb like other poppies, its powerful alkaloids have long been used by experts as tonic, expectorant and sedative. A large dose can be fatal: do not try to self-medicate, and keep children and pets away. Though shade-lovers, they will take full sun if soil is kept moist. Acid to alkaline soil is fine. They appreciate an organic mulch such as compost, leaf mold or peat moss. Grow single-flowered species from seed in sandy, peaty soil. Transplant in late summer, keeping roots moist, 6 to 8 in. (15 to 20 cm) apart.
Not well-known in the U.S., the single species produces masses of starry white, pink or rose red flowers, nearly hiding the short hairy leaf blades. It grows from a bulblike tuber that becomes covered over time with the bristly bases of old leaves. Named varieties have larger flowers in distinctive shades. R. b. platypatela (sometimes given species status as R. platypatera) has pure white flowers. Dormant in winter. Somewhat finicky, they demand full sun, mild temperatures, and porous, peaty, lime-free soil kept moist in summer, nearly dry in winter. Won't tolerate extreme heat or cold, or wet winters. Where conditions aren't ideal, grow in pots that can be moved as needed. Repot or transplant after growth starts, not when dormant. Grow varieties by division, as plants from seed may revert to the species' flower colors.
Spectacular accents for a desert garden, they produce towers of waxy blossoms in unearthly hues of metallic blue-green, navy and red-violet. The largest may have 15 ft. (4.5 m) trunks and 40 ft. (12 m) flower spikes. Small trunkless species do well in containers. Puyas have developed two flowering strategies to attract different pollinating birds. Some species flower at the tips of short branches; only hovering hummingbirds can easily reach the nectar. The others bloom close to the stalk, with a short branch beneath each flower where perching birds alight to sip in comfort. P. berteroniana and P. chilensis use the second strategy. Plant in full sun and well-drained, sandy soil, away from paths where the spiny leaves could stab passersby. Water moderately spring to fall, cutting back in winter. Water container plants before soil dries out. Easy to grow from seeds. Some form suckers that can be divided for new plants.
Popular Ferns with simple, palm-like fronds, they range from diminutive species, perfect for dish gardens or small containers, to plants of landscape size. Their tolerance of heated rooms once earned them the name Stove Fern. While most require typical Fern conditions--shade, humidity, and moist soil--P. vittata is an oddity, happy among Cacti and succulents. Even the shade-lovers like plenty of indirect light, so don't plant them under dense low branches. Species and varieties with creamy white markings are especially attractive. ~~Fertilize established plants every 2 weeks with diluted liquid fertilizer, spring through fall. As potted plants age, becoming tough and woody with sparser fronds, replace with a new young plant.
Tall, bushy plants from the daisy family, they resemble small sunflowers, but have a distinctively clublike stem swelling to the flower base. Brilliant yellow, orange or red rays surround the disk florets. A deliciously soft velvet covers new growth, becoming felt-like on mature leaves. Butterflies love the nectar, especially in fall. Good as a screen or background plant, their drought-tolerance serves them well in desert gardens. Excellent cut flowers. Most are annuals, and won't survive northern winters. Cultivars of the 6 ft. (2 m) T. rotundifolia grow smaller, with bigger, brighter flowers. Give them plenty of space, warmth and sun, and well-drained, low-fertility soil. If soil's too rich, they grow more foliage and fewer flowers. Water in dry spells. Stake to prevent wind or storm damage. Deadhead promptly. Sow directly in the garden, or transplant seedlings.
Piggyback plants became beloved indoor 'pets' in the 1970s houseplant renaissance, as their offspring--easily rooted from plantlets at the base of older leaves--spread like Star Trek tribbles. They grow wild in moist woodlands of the Pacific Northwest and California. Tiny greenish-brown flowers bloom on stalks above the clump of fuzzy leaves. Plant in loose, fertile soil. Prefers a cool spot, especially by water. For sturdy, bushy growth, give as much sunlight as it can take without scorching. Houseplant owners know it can droop dramatically when dry, but springs back to life with a soaking. Divide clumps or root the plantlets. Look for cultivars with variegated leaves.
Lacy domes of tiny flowers bloom in shades of white, blue, or purple. With slender stems and fresh green leaves, they bring an air of serenity to mixed beds and bouquets. As the common name suggests, they've been used to treat throat conditions. Annual species grow shorter than biennials. Use lower-growing species in rock gardens. Prefer light shade and porous, fertile soil. Gritty limestone is best; add a little lime to acid soil. Need regular water year-round. Best above 40 deg. F, they won't take more than brief frost. Potted plants can winter (or stay all year) in a well-ventilated greenhouse. Feed rootbound plants regularly with diluted liquid fertilizer, spring to fall. Cut flowers last 10 to 12 days, but fruit ripening nearby or cigarette smoke can cause premature decay. Sow biannual seeds in small pots in June or July. Pinch to encourage branching, and transplant up to 5 to 6 in. (12.5 to 15 cm) pots. Plant 1 ft. (30 cm) apart in spring after the last frost. Raise annuals in greenhouse pots: sow in winter, pinching and potting up. Move to a cooler shelter for a week or two in spring before transplanting outside.
Who doesn't know and love the Cat-Tail, with its tall flower stalks bearing velvety brown 'sausages'? Dense stands of its rustling leaf-blades flourish by wetlands, offering a haven and food to birds. Native peoples wove the leaves into matting, stuffed pillows and mattresses with the fluffy seed-down; they even ate the roots. Fresh and dried flower stalks make bold accents for flower arrangements. Most species have a gap between the slender tuft of male flowers and the solid stick of females; in T. latifolia they meet. Not all are gigantic; in smaller-scale gardens try T. minima, 1 to 2.5 ft. (30 to 75 cm) tall. ~~Locate with care; they spread quickly--though stopping short of dry ground--with deep roots tough to dig out. Contain them in concrete tanks or deep tubs. Can grow in up to 2 ft. of water. Replace aging plants (over 2 or 3 years) with fresh nursery stock, or raise from seed, setting the pots in water almost to the rim. For decorative stalks, timing is important. Cut them too late, and later the seedheads will burst abruptly, showering masses of fluff. Harvest early in the season when the male flowers bloom. To preserve, air dry upright or flat, and seal the seedheads with lacquer.
Turning their blossoms inside-out with petals arced backward, these dainty wildflowers grace a shaded bed or woodland garden. The Latin name honors Captain George Vancouver, 18th century explorer of their native Pacific Northwest. Low-growing round, flat leaves make a good ground cover under Rhododendrons and Camellias, and appealing fill-ins for floral arrangements. Plant in fertile soil and mulch to keep roots moist. Once established, they naturalize readily. Need watering only in prolonged dry spells. Grow more in early spring or fall by dividing clumps or sowing seeds.
Their common name comes from the chainlike pattern that embosses the graceful leathery fronds. Hardy and aggressive, they rival the tree ferns in size--some reaching 9 ft. (2.75 m)--but stay low, spreading by hairy rhizomes. They love wet soil and high humidity, and are happiest at the water's edge. Massed along a bank or border, they're especially lovely when the young fronds wear sunrise hues of red, pink, and yellow. Choose a location where their spreading won't overwhelm neighboring plants. Provide loose, fertile soil with a neutral to acid pH. Don't bury the creeping rhizomes. Most like shade, though W. virginica grows in full sun. Night temperatures should stay above 45 to 55 deg. F. They grow in spurts, so watch for new fronds, then feed with diluted liquid fertilizer. Divide clumps or grow from plantlets. Some, like W. radicans and W. unigemmata, form a plantlet at each frond tip. Anchor the tip until the new fern roots, or detach it to root in a pot.
Delightful, hassle-free shrubs, their long dark-green leaves are graced in summer with drooping clusters of rosy purple to pink tubular flowers. They grow quickly and can be trained up a wall or latticework. Best with full sun and little or no frost, but those in containers can winter in a greenhouse. Prune for shape or size after flowering. Water generously spring to fall, much less in winter. Feed rootbound pots from spring to fall with diluted liquid fertilizer. Root easily from cuttings. Susceptible to measuring worm.
Their round clusters of showy flower trumpets may remind you of Rhododendron blossoms. Where the climate is warm enough, these trees and shrubs are a top choice for lawn or patio display. They grow fast, producing more flowers--up to several dozen--in each cluster as they mature. Most shed their handsome, dark, olive green leaves briefly, blooming while leafless. Some flower unpredictably throughout the year, and may need a dry dormant period to trigger blooming. Slender, dangling seedpods follow. Best in warm tropics and semi-tropics, especially in coastal areas where they resist salt spray well. Prefer full sun, deep fertile soil, and regular water, but adapt well to different situations. Hardy to 24 deg. F. Stake young trees, training a single main shoot to 6 to 8 ft. (2 to 2.5 m) tall, then let branch freely. Grow from seeds or cuttings, or by air layering.
The Latin name of this dainty wildflower is an anagram of Mitella (American Bishop's Cap), its eastern counterpart. Sisters in the Saxifrage family, they're nearly identical twins. Clumps of hairy, rounded leaves, with slender flower stalks bearing pale, red-fringed 'cups', make a charming ground cover for a shaded woodland or rock garden. They naturalize easily, spreading by creeping rootstock and self-sowing. Prefer shaded, moist, rich soil. Easy-care, though they appreciate an organic mulch. Water during summer dry spells. Plant spring or fall, 1 to 1.5 ft. (30 to 45 cm) apart. Grow more by dividing in spring or early fall, or sow seed in loose humus-rich soil.
These vigorous flowering vines drape arbors and porches in a lush tapestry of dense foliage and brilliant blossoms. Their name honors Swedish botanist Karl Peter Thunberg, who found them on his travels to Java and Japan. Though native to tropics and subtropics, some species flourish as outdoor annuals much farther north. These include T. alata (Black-Eyed-Susan Vine), and the delicate T. fragrans with scented white flowers. The hardiest, T. natalensis, with pale blue, yellow-throated flowers, survives brief frost. Spread rapidly by tuber and seedling. Many grow fast enough to bloom their first season, and may bloom year-round in milder climates. T. grandiflora has become a serious pest in Australia, smothering rainforest trees. Most need full sun, especially in coastal areas, but others like partial shade. Grow in any well-drained, moderately fertile soil. Water generously spring to fall, less in winter. Prune to shape and control spread before new growth starts, in late winter or spring. Grow from seed or cuttings.
This Chinese cousin of the Citrus family is a delightful paradox. The dense, sharply-spined branches create a formidable barrier, but bear delicate, fragrant blossoms. The round, fuzzy, deep yellow fruits look and smell good enough to eat, but the peel tastes terrible and the scant pulp is fibrous and seedy. In winter, the bare branches and spines stay a lively green. Since it's much hardier than Citrus--taking frost down to 5 deg. F--hybridizers graft orange and lemon cuttings onto Poncirus to produce hardy "citranges." Cut branches of flowers or fruit make wonderful arrangements, but watch out for the spines! Needs sun and well-drained but moist soil. Won't do well in sandy or alkaline soil. Prune hedges to shape, or to take out dead or damaged branches, just after flowering. To propagate, remove seeds as soon as fruit is ripe and sow immediately outdoors or in a pot. Or, root summer cuttings. The Japanese have developed P. trifoliata monstrosa, a bonsai variety with tiny leaves and curved spines on contorted branches.
These evergreen, trailing or bushy perennials are grown for their attractive foliage. Although frost tender, they are easy to grow if temperatures stay above 50 deg. F. Keep moist in partial shade or bright light. Cut back tips in growing season if plant becomes too straggly.
With its low, sprawling branches and loose clusters of arcing tubular flowers, this hardy shrub is excellent around foundations, in front of upright shrubs, or bordering a flower bed. It spreads by underground stems or sends down roots from the branches. Named varieties have been developed from just 2 original species--P. capensis, with scarlet flowers, and P. aequalis, which blooms in yellows. Give full sun and light, well-drained soil. Tolerate hot dry spells. Prune gangly growth. Mulch in cold winters. Grow species from seed, cultivars from cuttings, or by layering.
More popular in olden days, the one cultivated species of these curious grasses deserves rediscovery. Job's Tears (C. lacryma-jobi) won the name for its hard pearly, purplish or black 'beads'--actually swollen leaf sheaths--that form on the 2 ft. (60 cm) grassy blades. In the 19th century, American children enjoyed stringing them onto necklaces, and teething babies found them comforting to gnaw on. Asian cultures still value them for decorations, rosaries, and even food. Healers use the plant as a diuretic and treatment for rheumatism. C. l. aurea-zebrina has yellow-striped leaves. Give a warm spot with plenty of sun, but partial shade for larger plants. Needs well-drained soil. Water generously during dry spells. Flowers best with long, hot summers. Soak seed 24 hrs. before planting. In cool temperate climates, start greenhouse seed flats in late winter, 2 months before warm weather, then plant out. In warmer zones, sow in ground in spring, 1 ft. (30 cm) apart. Harvest bead stems just before they fully ripen and hang bunches upside down to dry in airy shade.
One species of this rare flowering tropical tree exists, grown from a single tree cultivated by natives in Madagascar. Allied to Royal Poinciana, it also rivals it for color and bloom. Each 1.5-ft. (45 cm)-long flower cluster is densely crowded with up to 200 scarlet blooms with bright yellow stamens. It has large leaves and many leaflets. Difficult to find and cultivate.
These low-growing orchids are named for their much-branched rhizomes that have the color and shape of ocean coral. Found in the woods and on roots in Canada and the northern U.S., the plants are inconspicuous. Though they have small, 2-lipped, yellowish flowers in late autumn, they have no green foliage--their leaves become brownish bracts. They also have no chlorophyll by which to create food from air and water. Instead, the remarkable rhizomes take in nutrients from dead plant material and insects in the earth. Plant in pots or shady borders. Require rich soil.
These evergreen shrubs or small trees are native to the southwest U.S. and northern Mexico. None are commonly grown, though they make good rock garden plants. They have small, crowded, leathery leaves, dotted with black. Their white or purple solitary flowers turn to small dry fruits. Their young branches are reddish-brown. Not cold hardy.
These rare aquatic plants grow wild in ponds, streams and bogs in North and South America. They have thick, veined leaves and blue flower spikes. Plant in spring in heavy, fiber-free loam and 1-ft. (30 cm)-deep water. The most commonly grown type, T. cordata, is an excellent foliage plant with heart-shaped, glossy, dark green leaves. It's never invasive so it can be mixed with other plants.
These evergreen shrubs or small trees from South Africa are grown outdoors only in California. Some types have male conelike flower clusters with colorful bracts. Female flowers, which grow on separate plants, are less colorful. Leaves are leathery. Prefers acid soil, but tolerates neutral or somewhat alkaline conditions. Requires good drainage.
Thriving in the southern U.S. and California, these 3 species of tropical shrubs can become vinelike. Bright red, funnel-shaped blooms with long stamens are followed by colorful berries. Leaves secrete a white waxy substance that forms sticky grains on foliage. Somewhat drought-tolerant if planted in shaded areas. Plant in light soil with fibrous peat and loam. Prune to control shape. Prone to aphids
These members of the amaryllis family are prized for their exotic flowers and as one of the few types of autumn- or early winter-blooming bulbs. Up to 20 red to white broad-petaled, funnel-shaped, or spidery-shaped flowers top their 1- to 3-ft. (30 to 90 cm)-tall solid stalks. Hybrid varieties have showiest flowers. The strap-shaped leaves develop during winter, dying down from May to August. Difficult to find and grow, these aren't cold-hardy. Grow in cool greenhouses or plant near a sheltering wall outdoors in zone 9. Best when bulbs are in crowded conditions. Don't disturb roots. Water and feed liquid manure until leaves yellow and die back, then let bulbs rest a few months. After several years, divide or buy new plants.
Only one tender Mexican native species belongs to this group, S. formossissima. This member of the Amaryllis family can be grown outdoors only in warm climates. Its solitary, 2-lipped flower is bright crimson. It blooms in summer on a leafless 1-ft. (30 cm)-tall stalk. Plant bulbs in outdoor pots when fall night temperatures stay above 65 deg. F. Bring indoors before first frost. Return plant outdoors in full sun in summer. Keep soil moist.
The hanging funnel-shaped flowers of these natives of the Andes bloom for weeks in spring and summer. Strap-shaped leaves develop with flowers. Blooms in all colors except white. Won't tolerate temperatures below 45 deg. F, so best grown indoors or in greenhouses. Water during growing season, then let soil dry out. Remove offsets before growth begins again.
Their elegant umbrellas of often-fragrant, long tubular blossoms appear from spring to autumn. Most species bloom in reds, others in orange, yellow, or white. Varieties come in pink and apricot. Like many other S. African natives, they thrive in mediterranean zones of California and the southwest. Where colder, try them as houseplants, moving outside in summer. Some gardeners dig up and store bulbs through winter, replant in spring, but not always successfully. C. brevifolius and C. elatus are hardy to 23 deg. F in a warm sheltered position with good drainage. A sweet banana smell comes from the yellow flowers of C. mackenii variety cooperi. ~~Need bright indirect light with minimum temperatures of 40 to 50 deg. F. Grow in a coarse fertile soil with added leaf mold and sand. Place bulbs close together in pots. When actively growing, water generously and feed diluted liquid fertilizer every week. Deciduous types need a dry rest after flowering; evergreens need a bit of water to keep them from parching in winter, and temperatures above 40 to 45 deg. F. When new growth starts, add fresh soil to the surface. Repot only if badly crowded. Grow more from seeds or offsets, in spring.
These tropical shrubs and small trees with soft, downy foliage offer an unusual flower structure. Unlike the modest green, leaflike sepals that form the protective calyx of most flower buds, their blossoms feature 1 or 2 large, bright scarlet or yellow lobes, enclosing small orange or yellow flowers. Cultivars of W. coccinea offer a choice of colors. Outside the tropics, grow in a warm, humid greenhouse with bright filtered light. Enrich loamy soil with peat moss or other organic material. Water plentifully in growth. Grow from seed or greenwood cuttings in spring with constant heat and humidity. Subject to mealybugs and red spider mites.
An authentic touch for the shady, moist forest grove, the blossoms of these two intriguing plants signal winter's end. The Latin name, from the Greek for "crooked foot," describes the sinuous, thread-like flower stems. As the common name indicates, the red-veined, green flowers have an unpleasant smell. A pair of broad, glossy purple-spotted leaves sprouts from a short underground stem. The smaller Oregon species, S. hallii, blooms slightly later than California's S. bigelovii. Not a standard nursery item; native plant specialists may offer them. Provide conditions close to its native habitat: deep shade and a moist, coarse soil rich in organic matter. Protect from prolonged winter frost by covering with bracken fronds or evergreen boughs.
Only 1 species exists in this group, L. floribundus. Found on islands off the coast of California, this graceful, fast-growing evergreen is popular for its foliage and flowers. Its thick, fernlike leaves are glossy green on top and hairy below. Its masses of flowers bloom creamy white. The reddish-brown bark on its slender trunk peels off in long strips. Won't tolerate lime, alkaline or chalky soils. Best planted in the shelter of a sunny wall. A native of rocky slopes, canyons, oak woodlands and chaparral, it needs good drainage.
Grown outdoors as large shrubs to small evergreen trees in warm and temperate climates, Scheffleras are also favorite houseplants. Their tropical look comes from palmlike groups of leaves on long stalks. Some types reach more than 6 ft. (2 m) tall. Grow about 1 ft. (30 cm) per year. Best in high humidity and moderate warmth. South light best. Mist and water often indoors. Big leaves produce lots of oxygen and clean air of pollution.
Prized for its green, hoplike fruit clusters that appear in autumn, these deciduous trees are easily cultivated in good soil. Cold hardy and slow-growing, their slender spreading branches form a round open crown. Between its bright green toothed leaves, inconspicuous summer flowers grow in spikelike drooping or erect clusters. Perfect for dry, exposed sites. Their tough, heavy, close-grained wood is used for fence posts and for the handles of small tools.
Native to woodlands of the eastern U.S., these pyramidal trees are grown for their light green foliage, fall color and bright fruit. Clusters of greenish-yellow flowers attract birds and butterflies. All parts of these drought-tolerant trees are spicy and aromatic. Though once used as a home remedy, tea made from its root bark is toxic. Prefer a warm, sunny, slightly sheltered location. Easy to grow in most soils, they prefer acid, loamy soil. Spread by suckers to form a colony. Long tap roots make older trees difficult to transplant.
Graceful slender branches ending in plumes of tiny pink, rose, or white flowers give these trees and shrubs a light airy texture. Their scalelike leaves have salt-secreting glands. Used as a dry desert or coastal windbreak, they are considered pests in the Southwest where they hurt native plants by poisoning the soil and reducing available water. Prefer a sunny well-drained site. Won't tolerate heavy clay. Deep-rooted, they won't tolerate shallow soils. Prune annually during dormant season to maintain shape.
Popular in southern U.S. temperate and subtropical regions, vigorous growing Elders also thrive in rich moist soil in the North. They are prized for their flat clusters of small white flowers and masses of tiny colorful fruits--black, yellow, blue or red--which attract birds. Some of their fruit is edible by humans; some is poisonous. Their coarse leaves have serrated edges. Use in larger plantings and for naturalizing in wild gardens. Tolerate most soils, including clay. Cut back in March close to last year's growth to encourage larger flowers. Fast re-growth.
Called Incense Cedar because of their aromatic scalelike leaves, many of these are rare New Zealand natives. One is from California. They have cinnamon-colored furrowed bark and brownish cones. While often planted singly in lawns, or in rows as a screen, these evergreens are also prized for their rot-resistant timber. Won't tolerate smog or wind. Prefer moist soil and full sun to light shade. No pruning needed.
Many of these evergreen trees are rare, though some are native to North America. All have spirally arranged, yewlike leaves. The most commonly grown is the California Nutmeg. It comes from the cool, shaded, mountain canyons of California. A Japanese conifer, T. nucifera, is the hardiest of the 6 species. It cannot tolerate cold or frost like that in the northeastern U.S.
There is one American and one African species of these thorny shrubs to small trees. Grown only in warm regions, they're popular for their large, fragrant, yellow flowers. They make excellent cut flowers. Their feathery foliage offers light shade. Leaves drop in drought or cold weather. Plant in lawns or as a spiny barrier. Prune fast-growing young trees in spring.
This handsome shrub may have helped save the whales. Its nuts produce the only vegetable oil to match the properties of sperm whale oil for soaps, cosmetics, polishes, waxes and machinery lubricants. Leathery leaves on stiff woody branches make good hedges, screens, foundation plants or ornamental specimens for desert gardens. Male plants bear small, yellow flowers; females, solitary, pale green flowers; an occasional renegade plant bears flowers of both sexes. Bitter when raw, the cured nuts taste like filberts. The first Latin name honors Thomas William Simmonds, a botanist who died in 1804 while exploring Trinidad. Some still use the original, more appropriate second name--californica--instead of the misleading newer name, chinensis. Give full sun and well-drained sandy or gravely soil. Though very drought-tolerant, does best with occasional deep watering. Grow young plants in containers until large enough for spring planting in permanent location. Feed established plants in spring. Frost-tender young plants later become hardy to 18 deg. F. To ensure nut formation, plant at least one male shrub with females. Can also grow from seed or cuttings.
Use these desert shrubs and trees from tropical America as informal background shrubs or patio trees. They reach 12 to 15 ft. (3.75 to 4.5 m) tall and need no water once established. Their white puffball flowers grow in small spikes above finely cut leaves. Plant in full sun. Some types are killed by frost, but come back with warmer weather.
Grow climbing grapes for the sweet juicy fruit, or on a trellis or arbor. The many varieties offer fruit for eating right off the vine, for wine, or for jam and jellies. Their woody vines climb through or over other plants to reach the light, and their large leaves can cover a wall, form a great screen, or offer overhead summer shade. There are two types of grapes--European, with a winelike flavor, and American, with a concord flavor. Growing conditions vary for each type of grape. Some tolerate alkaline or clay soil. Some are fast growing, while others take their time. Prune all types regularly. Some aren't frost hardy. European grapes need long seasons of warm weather. In colder climates, American grapes do best. They are also immune to the mildew that attacks European varieties.
These 40 species of desert and coastal plants are extremely drought-tolerant. Scraggly and multibranched, their slender green stems are leafless most of the time. Tiny, scaly leaves are dry. Use as a ground cover or in clumps on dry slopes or in large bare areas in full sun and well-drained soil. One type, E. viridis, was used by pioneer Mormons to make tea. E. distachya is the source of a decongestant drug. Its leaves have long been used by the Chinese to make a medicinal tea.
Rugged natives of steppes and prairies around the world, their rough leaf blades form low, sparse clumps. Gardeners prize the airy, shimmering clouds of needlelike flowerheads on tall stems. First green, then golden, the stalks can be dried and dyed for arrangements. They may last into winter, but need trimming as they become faded and unkempt. S. pulchra (Purple Needlegrass) once covered much of California's Central Valley and foothills. With wild growths now rare, they're a popular choice for native-plant gardens. If deer raid your garden, they'll generally steer clear of bright-green S. tenuissima (Texas Needle Grass). Grows easily in full sun and moderately fertile soil. Most are very drought-tolerant and hardy to 5 deg. F. Grow from seed or by division. The sharp seed fibers can lodge in dogs' ears or eyes. Species that dry out in summer can be flammable; plant with caution where brush fires are a hazard.
These vigorous coastal grasses grow throughout the tropics and subtropics, where they cover a large area quickly. In warm humid regions, S. secundatum takes the place of traditional lawn turfs, forming a thick carpet of creeping zigzag patterns. Try some in a hanging basket where the densely hairy stalks can tumble over the sides. Those with variegated leaves have added appeal. Plant in moderately fertile, well-drained soil and water generously. Sow seeds in spring or divide established clumps, any time but winter.
These tough, adaptable grasses have a nearly worldwide range, in freshwater swamps and salt marshes from Europe and Africa to America and islands of the South Atlantic. Slender flower stalks turn a rich yellow in autumn, making them a nice addition to fresh and dried arrangements. Their vigorous spreading habit can be invasive--or can combat the spread of introduced non-native plants. Some coastal communities debate whether to eradicate growths that impede fisheries and recreational boating, or to protect the grass as a natural part of the ecosystem. They like deep, fertile, moist soil, with full sun or light shade. Once established, they need little care but need shearing to control size.
Of some 100 species, 11 of these hardy, attractive perennial grasses are native to the U.S. They tend to grow in clumps on dry prairies, and to form areas of sod in wet boggy areas. Some are nicknamed Beardgrass for the pale, fuzzy seedheads that grow on branching flower stalks. The slender leaves turn pale chestnut or bronze in fall. Plant in porous, sandy soil where they'll get full sun. Once established they fend for themselves. Though somewhat drought-tolerant, in natural habitat they may not bloom in dry years.
An attractive flowering evergreen for mild climates like southern California's, this single species ranges from shrub-size up to 60 ft. (18 m) tall. The dense clusters of fluffy stamens resemble acacia blossoms. Glossy 4-in. (10 cm) leaves have fuzzy undersides. Plant in a sunny spot with fairly moist, well-drained, fertile soil and some shade from the hottest summer sun. Water moderately in spring and summer, sparingly the rest of the year. Does best where winter temperatures stay above 45 deg. F, but will survive brief, light frost with protection of a warm southern wall. Grow from seed or cuttings.
These handsome succulents resemble their Agave cousins, but do better in humid regions. The leaves of two species, F. foetida and F. haxapatela, yield long, soft fibers used for twine, sacks and hammocks. True tropicals, they make fine conservatory plants in cooler climates. Grow them for their strong sculptural forms; the rare flower stalks are spectacular, but the plant dies after blooming. Even the flowers seldom produce seed; instead, many bulbuls form on the flower stalks, then fall to the ground and take root. They prefer full sun and need well-drained fertile soil with excellent drainage. Water moderately; they're fairly drought-tolerant. Keep above 43 deg. F. Look for variegated forms with cream or yellow markings and edges.
These lovely arching ferns spread quickly by creeping rhizomes, filling in bare patches among other woodland plants. Not hardy in the north, they need a mild, humid climate and bright dappled light--never complete shade. More light produces smaller, brighter green fronds. H. punctata can take full sun. The stiff, prickly fronds of H. repens (Bead Fern) grow up to 6 ft. (2 m) long. Situate them carefully, as they don't like to be moved. Water generously, and keep well mulched with organic matter. Clumps can be divided, but fronds may drop off the new plants before they're established. Self-sows only in ideal conditions.
Florists sell pots of these lovely living bouquets, and most are discarded after blooming. But you can grow them yourself from seed and have a profusion of flowers in as little as 6 months. Choose from cultivars such as low-growing Grandifloras and Multifloras or tall-branching Stellatas. Their cool blues, magentas, and violets are well known; look too for whites, reds, variegated petals and contrasting centers. Can grow outdoors in mild frost-free climates with warm dry springs. They need a shady, humid spot with bright filtered light, and temperatures below 60 deg. F. Ensure good drainage with organic matter or perlite; if soil becomes waterlogged, they'll quickly droop. The down side to this lavish floral display is vulnerability to a host of pests, including chrysanthemum leaf miner, thrips, whitefly, red spider mites and aphids. They're also subject to root rot, rust, powdery mildew, and various leafspot viruses.
These columnar, perennial Cacti are sometimes included in the group Echinopsis. Mature plants produce fragrant, nocturnal, funnel-shaped flowers that eventually open flat.~~Requires sun and well drained soil. Propagate by seed or stem cuttings in spring or summer.
Try these for a subtle change of pace from familiar gladiolas. They too have swordlike leaves and sheaves of showy blossoms, but grow from corms rather than bulbs, and the smaller, more tubular flowers bloom on taller, branching stems. Magnificent for cut flowers, they come in white, reds, pinks and purples. In their native South Africa, it's believed that sunbirds pollinate the species with deep-tubed red flowers, while bees pollinate those with flared pink flowers. The 50 species divide into two basic types: Deciduous, blooming spring to early summer, and evergreens, blooming late summer to early autumn. Both need well-drained but constantly moist soil and plenty of sunshine, with protection from midday heat. Enrich soil with organics like leaf mold, and a slow-release fertilizer in summer. Plant corms 3 to 4 in. (7.5 to 10 cm) deep and 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) apart in the fall where climate's mild, and elsewhere in the spring. Tall stems may need staking. Both types rest after blooming. Water to keep foliage alive as long as possible, but reduce water to evergreens. Stop watering deciduous types after leaves die. Where winter temperatures stay above freezing, leave corms in the ground, protecting with mulch. Where colder, lift and store corms in a cool place--store deciduous types dry and store evergreens packed in damp peat moss or sand. Divide overcrowded clumps of corms every 2 or 3 years, after blooming. Replant as quickly as possible; don't let corms dry out.
Big hairy leaves and long-lasting flower spikes make these shrubs or trees a handsome accent for mild climates. Year-round outdoor plants in the deep South and parts of California, in colder regions their lush tropical appearance graces summer flowerbeds, containers and conservatories. The simple, flat 5-petaled flowers resemble those of their Waterleaf cousins, the Phacelias. They prefer full sun and rich, porous soil kept constantly moist. Keep winter temperatures above 45 to 50 deg. F. Cut back to shape and control in early spring. Handle with gloves, as the leaves' lustrous hairs can irritate skin. In cold climates, raise seeds in indoor pots in late winter. After the last frost, harden in a cooler shelter for a week or two before transplanting outdoors, 5 ft. (1.5 m) apart. Can also root cuttings of new spring growth.
The deeply ribbed, upward-arching stems, spangled with long spine clusters, form a bushy tangle. They're named for their flowers, which botanists thought to resemble Myrtle blossoms. Funnel-shaped, in shades of cream, pale yellow, green, or pink, they bloom in daylight as many as 9 at a time. You can buy the black-currant-like fruits--called garambullos--in the marketplaces of Mexico and Guatemala. Easy to grow in desert regions or a sunny warm greenhouse. Plant in a gritty, fertile soil. Water generously from spring to fall, keeping soil quite moist. Keep fairly dry in winter, misting lightly on warmer days. Where winters are mild they'll even tolerate ground watering, which suits them to mixed plantings. If temperatures fall much below 50 deg. F, orange patches may scar the skin. Grow from cuttings or seed.
The thick, ribbed stems of these shrubby or tree-sized Cacti branch from the base. Some bristle with spines; others, like the towering S. marginatus, drop their spines as they grow. Small, round edible fruits follow the funnel-shaped flowers. The widely varied species offer features to be used, dreaded, or savored. Natives of northern Mexico stun and catch fish by tossing crushed stems of S. gummosus into a stream or lake, where they release a toxic sap. S. eruca's spiny limbs snake along the ground and pierce the feet of unwary animals or people, inspiring its name, Creeping Devil. The pitaya fruits of S. gummosus and S. queretaroensis rival those of Kiwi or Lychee. Most do fine with full sun, but some species need a little shade. Plant in a gritty, well-drained soil. Water moderately in summer, sparely in winter. Most need minimum temperatures of 50 to 55 deg. F.
Growing wild only on flat sandy plains of the American Southwest, they reach heights of 22 ft. (6.75 m) in the blistering heat. In fact, they need such extreme conditions to produce their pink and white flowers. Thick, hairy beards cover the ends of the spiny stems. Plant in moderately well-drained, humus-enriched soil. Some experts find they don't like lime in the soil. Water freely in warmer months. Keep above 46 deg. F. Very easy to raise from seed, but even in ideal conditions most won't flower until 6 or 7 years old. Cuttings from non-flowering stems can be rooted.
In the wild, these columnar giants reach 6 to 15 ft. (2 to 4.5 m) before blooming. In cultivation they grow very slowly and may never reach flowering size. Their bold branching form alone enhances a desert garden. But with ideal conditions, patience and luck, they may reward you with a daytime display of bell-shaped white, yellowish, greenish-brown or pink flowers. Large spiny fruits follow, covered with reddish or golden yellow spines. Best with humid, warm summers and warm dry winters, above 50 deg. F, they tolerate a range of well-drained soil types, but prefer fertile, slightly acidic soil. Water very little in summer, not at all in winter except for misting on warmer days. Seeds are easy to sprout.
In Chile they range from near sea level to high altitudes. Most are small globes, 4 to 8 in. (10 to 20 cm) across. A few species, such as N. subgibbosa, are cylinders reaching up to 5 ft. (1.5 m) tall. Long dense spines-- white, golden yellow, brown, or nearly black--nearly hide the gray or brown ribs. Different species bloom in all four seasons, and many early spring bloomers may flower again in fall or early winter. The tubular flowers, red or carmine pink with touches of yellow, form near the crown. They don't do well indoors, and even in a desert garden their demands challenge experts. Plant in a light sunny spot, protect from hot sun, and water sufficiently--this takes experimentation. They need a sandy mineral soil with plenty of nutrient salts, such as added brick chips. During winter rest, they're highly sensitive to wetness. Keep dry, with temperatures above 50 deg. F, but check periodically. If roots start withering or scars form on the skin, give a light misting or modest drink. Grow from seed.
The name is an anagram of Bolivia, home to most of the 160 species. They grow wild in rock crevices and on mountain slopes as high as nearly 10,000 ft. (3,000 m) Most are clusters of tiny globes or cylinders with fine, dense spines, bearing many satiny blossoms as big as the plants. Other species tower to 32 ft. (9.75 m), with widely spaced, 3-in. (7.5 cm)-long spines. Tree-sized species take 10 to 20 years to bloom, but the miniatures flower as early as 2 years in yellow, orange, red, pink, purple and lilac. Look for contrasting combinations such as coppery petals around a green center, or black-centered pink. The Paramount hybrids may produce more than a dozen 6-in. (15 cm)-long blossoms on a 3- to 4-in. (7.5 to 10 cm) plant. Easy to grow in full sun or light shade with plenty of fresh air. Plant in fertile sandy soil, adding pumice and perlite for fast drainage. Water a bit more than other Cacti, especially in summer bloom. Fertilize regularly while flowering. Miniatures make ideal potted plants--move them to a cool, dry, sheltered spot in harsh weather. Keep absolutely dry in winter, and most will take near-freezing temperatures. A few handle brief frost. Grow very easily from seed or by dividing clusters. All are susceptible to red spider mites.
Want a Cactus with a French connection? These are named for P. Rebut, a 19th century wine-grower and Cactus dealer from the Beaujolais region, who got the first specimen to reach Europe from the Andes. Since four other Cactus groups were recently reclassified as Rebutias, they number several hundred popular species, varieties, and hybrids. Their charming small globes and clusters glisten with fine spines and white down. Colorful blossoms as big as the plant may appear when it's just 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) wide. The funnel-shaped flowers grow from the base in every color but blue, some with striped petals. Tiny, berrylike fruits hide among the spines, bursting when ripe. The scattered seeds sprout and grow quickly. Small size and energetic self-propagation make them a great choice for newcomers to Cactus-rearing. Give them a sunny, airy spot and ensure good drainage with soil at least 50% sand or grit. Flowers may not open completely without full sun. Keep dry from fall to early spring, except for a light misting on warmer days. Keep winter temperatures between 37 to 46 deg. F; if warmer, they won't produce as many buds. All, especially the young, are susceptible to red spider mites.
Their intriguing wavy narrow ribs may remind you of brain coral. Most grow as single globes; a few form clusters or branching columns. Some bristle with so many spines that the ribs are hidden; others, like E. lancifer, brandish just a few clusters of stout white tusks, up to 2 in. (5 cm) long. Blooming as early as 2 or 3 years, the flowers bear a contrasting central stripe on each petal, in combinations of white, red and violet. Most commercial plants are raised from seed, since grafted plants lose their species' distinctive spines. Dealers may sell them by their old name, Stenocactus. Undemanding and adaptable, they thrive in sun or partial shade. Give plenty of water from late winter to early fall. Keep nearly dry in winter and they'll tolerate a few degrees of frost.
Discovered in 1966 in northern Brazil, their distinctive sculptured forms may have protruding areoles--each often brandishing one huge central spine--or narrow-edged, deeply divided ribs accented with crests of fine-tooth-comb spines. Their striking beauty led to much interest at first, but collectors found that their beautiful forms can scar easily. If you've had some success with hardier Cacti, these may offer a greater challenge. Choose a sunny warm spot with porous, acidic mineral soil, ideally enriched with leaf mold. In winter keep temperatures above 50 deg. F. Water before soil is completely dry, and mist on warmer days.
There may be 500 species of these irresistible Cacti. The common names attest to their charms: Powder Puff, Owl's Eyes, Snowball, even Birthday Cake Cactus! If you get hooked, you can join a Mammillaria society. Most are small, pincushiony balls, with tubercles rather than ribs (hence the Latin name, for 'little nipples'), growing singly or in clusters. A few have fingerlike stems, and M. matudae forms a mound of long 'snakes'. The spines vary dramatically--straight, bent, or hooklike, fine or coarse, flat or jutting, hairy, woolly, or feathered. Their true glory lies in the brilliant satiny flowers. These start blooming when the plants are merely golf-ball size, usually forming a ring around the crown. Potted plants can be brought to a place of honor at peak of bloom. Even the fruits add color. Green to coral-red, they often last long past blooming. ~~Densely hairy or woolly species do well in bright sun. Those with more-exposed skins need partial shade. Plant in well-drained, sandy to gravely soil and water sparsely. Nutritious soil ensures strong, colorful spines and hair. They prefer winters light and dry rather than cool; keep temperatures above 40 deg. F with good ventilation. If too damp they can rot. Grow from sprouts or seed. Some species can be grafted.
These leafy climbing vines, shrubs and small, wide-spreading trees don't look like Cacti. They bear rose-like blossoms, and some even thrive in humid rainforests. But their thick sharp spines and blossoms grow from specialized knobs called areoles--a positive Cactus ID. Some drop their leaves; others stay evergreen. Their thorny, woody branches make an effective barrier hedge. The sometimes fragrant flowers range from white to pale yellow, pink or red. Small berries form in summer and autumn. Those of the climbing Barbados Gooseberry, P. aculeata, ripen from spiny to smooth, and can be eaten fresh or in preserves. They do well in a greenhouse, or partial shade or full sun in subtropic regions. Plant in rich, very well-drained soil--they handle dry conditions better than wet. Water freely in summer, less often in winter when they go dormant. While resting, they still appreciate light and warmth, but some tolerate much chillier temperatures than those of their native tropics. Grow from seed or branch cuttings.
Their dazzling flowers outshine even those of other ice plants in the azioaceae family. White, yellow, orange, pink, red or magenta, they bloom over long periods in summer, attracting bees. Shrubby or creeping succulent stems with angular, curved leaves make terrific ground covers or container plants for dry temperate regions, especially along the coast. In warm, sheltered locations a few survive light frost. The Tresco cultivars of L. spectabilis include Apricot, Brilliant (magenta) and Red. Buy plants in bloom for the color you want. For lively contrast, try L. bicolor, with yellow inner petals cupped in deep red. ~~Give full sun and low-fertility, well-drained soil. Plant after the last frost, 1 to 1.5 ft. (30 to 45 cm) apart for good cover. Need little or no water in summer, but appreciate a soaking when thoroughly dry. Shear lightly after flowering to remove fruit capsules and spur new leafy growth. In frost-prone areas, dig up and pot, or move container plants to winter in a greenhouse. Can root cuttings year round, but ideally from outdoor plants in late summer or early autumn, and from greenhouse-wintered plants in early spring. Cut 2- to 4-in.-long shoots with 3 or 4 pairs of leaves just below a node, dry 1 or 2 days before rooting. Keep moist at 60 to 68 deg. F; should root in 2 to 3 weeks. Subject to root rot or fungus--but only if overwatered or too shaded--and to mealybugs.
Delightful and well-named, their small branching stems form a mat of fleshy tongue-shaped leaves. Species and varieties offer spotted, knobby, or purplish leaves. The bright yellow flowers look like dandelions--G. parvifolium's reach 3 in. (7.5 cm) across. Grow in a well-drained, low-fertility soil. Too much water can be fatal; they grow bright-green, water-logged leaves that scar and rot in winter cold. Water only in hot weather, and keep totally dry from late summer to mid-spring, protecting from rainfall. Potted plants make this job easier. Cuttings root easily and remain true to the species, while seeds tend to hybridize. May be susceptible to mealybugs.
Their curious fleshy, spotted leaves and tubular flowers with swollen middles earned them their common name, as well as the Latin name, from gaster, or belly. The leaves arc out in two opposite rows when young, later forming a spiral rosette. In spring, slender flower stalks bear long-lasting blossoms, pink to vermilion with yellow-green tips. Established plants may flower right into winter. Seedpods ripen from green to brown. Similar-looking plants called Gastroleas are hybrids of Gasterias and their cousins, the Aloes. They like dry conditions, but unlike Aloes, need shade from midday sun, or their leaves will scorch. Plant in loose, fertile soil and water infrequently, with a thorough soaking only when the soil has dried out. Keep nearly dry in cool seasons, and during their semi-dormant period from mid-June to August. Outdoor plants will tolerate only brief frost. Grow more from offsets or cuttings.
These exotic flowering tropicals were named not for Pitcairn Island or its discoverer, but for an 18th century London doctor, William Pitcairn. Though they're Bromeliads, most grow on the ground, a few creeping on underground runners. The 260 species include deciduous and evergreen types. Long narrow leaves usually bunch or spiral from the base, some with toothed or spiny edges. Clusters of tubular flowers, or single, shaggy tassel shapes come in white, yellows and reds. Good planted around the base of palms or other feathery tropical trees. Smaller species do well in pots or hanging baskets. They need temperatures above 50 to 55 deg. F, with light shade or sun. Plant in coarse, well-drained soil. Water moderately in summer, less in winter, letting soil nearly dry between soakings. Feed well-established potted plants with diluted liquid fertilizer from spring to fall. Repot at start of growing season. Divide in spring or grow from seed.
Look-alikes of their Dyckia cousins, these too are unusually hardy, desert-loving Bromeliads. The stiff, curving, gray or red-brown leaves, often with toothed or serrated edges, form a short-stemmed or stemless rosette. They need more space than Dyckias, but still reach only 1.5 to 2 ft. (45 to 60 cm) wide, manageable for containers. The flower stalk angles sideways with a branching cluster of modest green to yellow blossoms. Plant in well-drained sandy soil. Water moderately from spring to fall, then hold back--but don't let the soil completely dry out in winter. Some may tolerate brief light frost, but they're best in frost-free areas. Need repotting only every few years. Grow more from seed or offsets.
The spiny trunks of these intriguing plants contrast dramatically with a crowning rosette of deciduous leaves that drop off during a dormant period. Trumpet-shaped white, red, or yellow flowers bloom at the rosette center in different seasons. Disliking too much wet and cold, their tolerance for dry indoor air makes them good houseplants. Growers often graft a rarer, slower-growing species onto the trunk of the Madagascar Palm (P. lamerei). P. saundersii's smooth trunk has only a few long spines. Grow in a sunny, warm, well-ventilated spot, in humusy soil with sand and perlite for good drainage. Water actively growing plants with leafy crowns thoroughly when soil dries out in summer, less in winter. Stop watering when leaves drop; just spray occasionally. The Madagascar species tend to rot in damp cold. The South African species--P. bispinosum, leallii, namaquanum, and rutenbergianum--are hardier, and P. succulentum will stand occasional frost. Seeds germinate easily. Susceptible to red spider mites.
The well-known waxy-leafed, red-flowering varieties brighten homes in winter. But this huge, highly varied succulent group also includes shrubs, small trees, even a few tree-dwelling epiphytes. Their appealing foliage is just as varied: smooth or fuzzy, lobed or feathery, marked with contrasting colors. Both leaves and flowers may bear little plantlets with roots. ~~Give them a sunny, warm, airy setting with sandy, low-nitrogen soil and plenty of water. They like to be drier in winter, with temperatures above 50 deg. F. Potted plants that can be moved to shelter are best. Some bare-leafed species are hardy outdoors through mild coastal winters, but need overhead protection such as eaves. Root cuttings or plantlets in spring or early summer. Potted flowering varieties need short day lengths to form buds. Give no more than 12 hours of light per day for at least 6 weeks, darkness the rest of the time. Once buds have formed, they need at least 4 hours of bright light daily. Most are discarded after blooming, but they can bloom a second season. Cut back leggy growth and old flower stems, then repot, and keep well watered in a sunny window. After the last frost, move outdoors gradually, sheltering from direct sun. Bring indoors and start controlling light in early October for January bloom.
Relatives of Yuccas and Century Plants, their trunks are usually swollen at the base, tapering to a spiky head of narrow, fibrous, grassy blades. The leaf edges and tips often split. Thick, corky bark protects the trunk. They bloom only at an advanced age, producing hanging clusters of tiny, creamy, mauve-blushed flowers. Adapting well to life indoors, their dramatic form makes an impressive accent. They do well outdoors only in sunny, frost-free desert and semi-desert regions. Though they tolerate extensive drought once established, they appreciate regular water in summer. Water sparingly in winter. Grow from seed or offsets in spring.
Whether for jack-o-lanterns or pies, pumpkins are a sure sign that fall has arrived. Along with the large, traditional, vining pumpkins, consider growing 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) baby pumpkins, or bush types with 10-in. (25 cm)-wide fruit each weighing 5 to 7 lb. White pumpkin varieties are also available. Sow seed mid- to late-spring in full sun or light shade. Grow 2 to 3 vining pumpkins on 4-in. (10 cm)-high, flat-topped hills, filled with compost and manure, 6 to 8 ft. (2 to 2.5 m) apart. For each person, plant 1 to 2 hills. Plant bush pumpkins in rows 2 to 3 ft. (60 to 90 cm) apart. Avoid overhead watering to prevent mildew. To grow large pumpkins, remove new flowers after first fruits begin developing. Exhibition-sized pumpkins, some which reach more than 300 lb., grow 1 fruit per vine. Need plenty of continuous moisture. Harvest in fall, 3 to 4 months after planting, when skin is hard and leave a short bit of stem. Stores well for a long time in a dry, warm place.
These delightful small trees fit neatly into a limited space or under power lines, since they grow very slowly and top out at 15 to 25 ft. (4.5 to 7.5 m) tall and wide. They combine delicate beauty with incredible toughness, surviving deep frost and extreme drought. Every feature seems designed to appeal. The many branches form a full round shape, with silvery-downy new leaves maturing to a rich green. They bloom when quite young with upright spikes of creamy blossoms, 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) long in late summer. Even the bark develops an intriguing green-and-copper pattern as patches peel off. Many nurseries carry the popular M. amurensis; other species may be hard to find. Develop best with full sun. Tolerate a wide range of well-drained fertile soils, but prefer well-drained loam. Hardy to 5 deg. F. Unlike most leguminous plants, they transplant well. Slow to heal, so avoid pruning mature plants. If growing from seed, pre-soak in 195 deg. F hot water 24 hours before sowing. Can also root cuttings. No serious insect or disease problems.
A single species of singular beauty, this deciduous conifer puts on an unexpected display of autumn color. Tufts of flat needles raying out like little starbursts stay fresh green until fall, then blaze with gold and orange. They drop in as little as 10 days, but make a glorious impression while they last. New needles don't emerge until spring. Handsome blue-green cones appear in summer, usually near the treetop, and turn light golden-brown in fall. Closely related, but not a true Larch--Pseudolarix means 'false Larch'. Grows slowly to form a broad conical shape. Most top out at 40 to 70 ft. (12 to 21 m) tall, but can reach over 100 ft. (30 m) Native to mountains of eastern China, it prefers a climate of extremes, growing tallest at higher elevations and where challenged by long hot summers and fairly cold winters. In cool temperate regions, a rare heat wave can scorch the needles, and it may not survive temperatures in the low 20 deg. F. Show it off on a spacious lawn, or tuck one of the rare dwarves into a woodsy border or Japanese garden. The diminutive varieties include Annesleyana, with dense needle growth and drooping branch tips, and compact, conical Dawsonii. The 3 ft. (90 cm) Nana was developed specifically for bonsai. Best in a spot sheltered from drying winds, with full sun, plentiful rainfall and deep, rich, moist, acid or neutral soil. Tolerates heavy clay soil and urban pollution. Plant 2 or more together to get fertile seeds. For best germination, keep seed moist at 40 deg. F for 2 months before sowing. No serious disease or pest problems.
Two dozen grass species from the mountains of Europe include several superb garden ornamentals. Handsome, hardy, adaptable and noninvasive, they make good ground covers, and nicely fill in bare stretches beneath trees and shrubs. Fine for a meadow, but not for the foot traffic of lawns or paths. All are cool-season evergreens. Narrow, upright bright green blades of S. autumnalis (Autumn Moor Grass) form tidy mounds 1 to 1.5 ft. (30 to 45 cm) high. Dainty silver-gold flower spikes sway in the wind and fade gradually through summer and fall. Clump-forming, slow-spreading S. caerulea (Blue Moor Grass) features eye-catching bicolored leaves--with emerald upper sides and bluish-white undersides--and violet flower tufts in spring. They tolerate a wide range of conditions, but do best in an open spot with fertile, moist but well-drained soil. Frost-hardy. Stay fresher-looking with partial shade and occasional water, though all are fairly drought-tolerant.
These delightful summer-blooming wildflowers add a splash of bright red to a border, woodland or naturalized garden. Borne in an asymmetrical sheaf, narrow, upraised scarlet tubes open slightly into 5 yellow points around a protruding yellow stigma. Once used by Native American healers, they are still found in homeopathic remedies for migraine and menopausal symptoms. The extremely rare Gentian Pinkroot or Indian Pink (S. gentianoides) received federal endangered status in 1990. Once common in southeastern U.S. woodlands cleared for cotton fields in the 1800s, only about a hundred specimens survive in 3 known colonies. Different species do best in partial shade or full sun. Plant in fertile soil and keep moist, especially through hot sunny periods. Only the most common U.S. native, S. marilandica, tolerates cold to 5 deg. F or lower. All other species need a minimum of 45 to 50 deg. F. They self-pollinate, producing plenty of seeds. Sow these, or divide in spring or early fall. Can also root spring cuttings taken before flower buds appear.
Once and for all, goldenrods don't cause hay fever! They've earned a bad rep by blooming at the peak of allergy season alongside real culprits such as ragweed. They do deserve their reputation for spreading aggressively, but growers have developed more docile hybrids and cultivars. They retain their wild parents' vigor, but show less invasive spreading. Those developed in Europe behave best. They handle a wide range of habitats, from dry sandy soils to damp meadows and watersides. Plant with daisies and asters in borders, meadows and naturalized gardens for a cheerful display of color, from late summer well into fall. Some make fine cut flowers. Though considered perennials, a few species such as S. nemoralis, last only 2 or 3 years. Smaller cultivars include the 1-ft. (30 cm)-tall golden dwarf and queenie (or golden thumb), with variegated gold and green leaves. Super reaches 4 ft. (1.25 m) tall. Praecox, 1.5 ft. (45 cm) tall, flowers early. S. bicolor blooms in creamy white. S. odora tolerates poor sandy soil, has long-lasting flowers and anise-scented leaves. S. riddellii prefers damp meadows and watersides. Most like full sun; some, such as S. speciosa and S. caesia, thrive in partial shade. Best in low- to moderate-fertility soil; too much nourishment encourages rampant growth. Grow species from seed, but divide hybrids; though they may self-sow, offspring lose parents' hybrid characteristics. Can also root tip cuttings in spring, basal cuttings in fall.
Restore a bit of native American habitat in your meadow or naturalized garden with these hardy prairie grasses. Dense clumps of hair-thin leaf blades and showy flowerheads add textural interest. A major component of the pristine U.S. central plains, S. heterolepis (Prairie Dropseed) forms delicate tussocks of emerald green. Late-summer flowerheads sweetly scent the air, drooping as their seeds ripen. In fall, the leaves turn to gold and orange, fading to creamy tan in winter. S. airoides once covered California's central valley. Its fine cloudlike awns make wonderful fillers in fresh or dried arrangements. Seek out locally developed strains for your area. Best in full sun; S. heterolepis droops in shade. Sow in spring or autumn in a wide range of well-drained soils. Prairie natives thrive in dry rocky soil, but need some water in arid western summers. Slow-growing, so try to purchase 2-year-old plants. Divide clumps in spring or fall.
These tropical-looking Asian natives are hairy or spiny. Older trees are mostly thornlesss. Both are grown as shade trees for their large, lush, simple leaves. Their white flowers bloom in large, ball-shaped clusters, which are sometimes hidden by the leaves. Small black berries attract birds. Resistant to disease and insect problems. They thrive in full sun and deep moist soil. Water deeply to reach all of their long root structure. Prune in spring.
These huge exotics can overwhelm all but the grandest gardens. If you have a jungle complete with waterfall, they could provide the finishing touch. Huge waxy flowerheads consist of petal-like bracts that unfold to reveal curly yellow or white, tonguelike flowers. The equally enormous leaves resemble those of banana plants. They demand high humidity, bright filtered light and rich, fibrous soil. Water generously, but somewhat less after flowering. If planted in a tub, which helps to control size, feed every two weeks with liquid fertilizer. Divide and repot in spring, cutting out old flower stems, and mulch with well-decayed manure.
Their scientific name means 'sweet snow'. Whether pure white, yellow, pink, or red, their ethereal, orchidlike blossoms all exude a delicious fragrance, never quite matched by bottled perfumes. Showcased in the finest Hawaiian leis, they keep their scent for several weeks. Native to moist tropical forests from sea level into the Himalayas, they spread by stout rhizomes. Attractive leaves flare out in a single plane around the many reedy stems. H. coronarium (White Ginger) tolerates standing in water and thrives in temperate climates with mild winters (above freezing) and warm summers. H. gardnerarium, greenei, flavum, and forestii do well in subtropical beds. Himalayan species are hardy to 28 deg. F by a south-facing wall, with mulch. All other species are tropicals, demanding temperatures over 65 deg. F, high humidity, richly fertile soil, and plenty of water. Where there's any danger of frost, dig up the roots in fall and store in damp soil at 35 to 45 deg. F until spring. Outdoor plants seemingly killed by frost may produce new stalks in early spring. Good in tubs, though they won't grow as tall. Place tubs in a shallow pan of water to keep soil constantly moist, and liquid feed while growing. In winter, cut back on water and let go dormant. Trim off dead flower spikes, but keep old leafy stems to nurture new spring growth until well established. Too much shade and warmth in winter inhibit blooming. Grow from fresh seeds or by division in spring. Bulbuls of H. greenei may sprout plantlets while still attached.
These giant vines have adapted handily to life in homes, offices, and hotel lobbies. They're often confused with--and sold as--Philodendrons, since the young leaves have a similar, unbroken heart shape. Intriguing Swiss-cheese holes and deep-cut lobes accent the mature leaves. In the Central American jungle they climb 60 ft. (18 m) into the canopy, sending out long, corky aerial roots. Grow outdoors only in humid subtropical and tropical gardens. Indoor plants need good indirect light and high humidity, or they tend to grow gangly and have fewer leaf holes. Plant in coarse, fertile, moisture-retentive soil and keep constantly moist, but not soggy. Too much or too little water causes leaves to yellow. Feed well-established plants once in early spring and again in early summer. They stay more bushy as climbers than on the ground, so train up a slab of bark or pole of sphagnum moss, or an outdoor standard or lattice. Best with day temperatures of 70 to 80 deg. F, nights 60 to 70 deg. F. Need fresh air without strong drafts. Keep leaves dusted with a damp sponge. Grow from fresh seed (kept moist), cuttings with one leaf, or by air-layering.
These big, vigorous shrubs make a fine background or screen for warm sunny gardens, with the bonus of fragrant yellow bell-shaped flowers. Clustered at the branch ends, they attract hummingbirds and may bloom in successive flushes from June right through winter. Good trained up an espalier or standing alone as a small tree. Plant in strong light, but protect from direct summer sun. Grow in fertile, well-drained soil. Transplant from containers in spring, 6 to 8 ft. (2 to 2.5 m) apart in frost-free zones; in cooler regions, 4 ft. (1.25 m) apart after the last frost. Water moderately in summer, sparingly in winter. For best flowering, pinch back branch tips, deadhead and remove any seedpods. Prefer a minimum 50 deg. F. Slight frost may cause damage, but plants often recover quickly. Prune to shape in spring, cutting old or straggly branches back to the main stems. Sow seed in spring, root semi-ripe cuttings, or layer.
Florists make the most of their brilliant, waxy bracts. These may point upward or dangle, forming flat planes or spirals, in hues from canary and chartreuse to flame and scarlet. Spreading by offsets, most take up a lot of space--reaching 20 ft. (6 m) in tropical heat and humidity. The smaller H. stricta and its cultivars come in more manageable sizes. The dwarf Jamaican grows just 2 ft. (60 cm) high with dainty five-inch flower bracts, rosy red edged with green. Beautifully marked leaves outshine the bracts of H. indica (Green Heliconia). The leaves of H. rubricarpa variety Rubricaulis boast stunning, bright rose midribs and feathery stripes. Hummingbirds feast on both the flower nectar and the insects that hide in the upright bracts. Tip out the water that collects there, or you may have a mosquito nursery. In the rainforest, frogs, bats, snakes, and even possums curl up in the cozy nooks. Grow outdoors only in the tropics and subtropics, elsewhere in greenhouses. Can grow in tubs to control size and location. Need a sheltered spot with partial shade, high humidity, and fibrous, moisture-retentive soil enriched with lime and dried manure. Trim off old flower stalks to encourage new growth. Grow more by division or from seed.
Prized by collectors, these impressive Cycads are rarely seen outside eastern. Australia except in botanical gardens. They grow very slowly and live for centuries, with skirts of dead leaves cloaking a trunk up to 60 ft. (18 m) tall. Arching fronds grow to 10 ft. (3 m) long, light green above with prominent veins on the undersides. Many scalelike rudimentary leaves, called cataphylls, protect the fuzzy new fronds. Like other Cycads, they relate more closely to conifers than to Palms. Both male and female plants produce specialized cones instead of flowers; female cones develop bright red seeds. Though highly poisonous, many native peoples eat them, having figured out ways to remove the toxins. Grow outdoors in warm frost-free climates, or in conservatory beds or tubs. Full sun or partial shade. Keep very well-drained soil fairly moist spring through fall, drier in winter. Need winter minimum temperatures of 50 to 60 deg. F; days, about 15 deg. F warmer. Rarely need repotting. Seeds germinate easily and grow quickly--for Cycads.
These stemless Bromeliads form a flat rosette to up 2.5 ft. (75 cm) across, on the ground or low on a tree. The wide, flexible, fine-toothed outer leaf blades often sport purple markings. Short inner leaves blush bright red or pink in a bird's nest-type formation around the flower. They tolerate lower light levels than many other Bromeliads. Grow in light, porous, fast-draining potting soil. Water when the surface dries out. You don't have to keep the rosette's central 'cup' filled with water. In fact, stagnant water, as well as temperatures below 40 deg. F, may lead to crown rot. Containers can be sunk in the ground in summer, with mulch over the pot edges, and wintered inside. Indoors, they do best with day temperatures of 70 to 75 deg. F, nights between 60 and 65 deg. F, with good air circulation. Boost humidity by placing pots on wet gravel and misting regularly. Bromeliads die off 1 or 2 years after flowering, so grow more by rooting offset 'pups' cut from the parent plant. These should flower in 1 to 3 years. Plants grown from seed take far longer. Watch for scale and mealybugs. Fungi may attack plants damaged by insects or sunburn.
Florists sell them as German, Persian or Arabian Violets. Their fragrant, densely-packed purple, blue or white flowers with prominent yellow stamens bloom from summer into fall. E. trinervium macranthum produces the largest flowers, up to 2 in. (5 cm), with pointed petals of rich purple-blue. Grow outdoors year-round only in the humid tropics and subtropics. In cooler zones, plant summer annuals in beds and borders after the last frost. Three to 5 plants massed in a 6-in. (15 cm) pot make a delightful living bouquet for a deck or sunny window garden .Need plenty of light, with shade from intense midday sun, and fertile, well-drained soil. Best with temperatures above 50 deg. F. Feed potted plants with very diluted fertilizer for long blooming. Seeds sprout in 2 to 3 weeks. Keep seedlings in partial shade. Seeds sown in late summer produce the largest plants; seeds sown January through March, the smallest. Subject to damping-off, stem gall and canker, and Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV), formerly Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus.
Beloved houseplants with slender leaves and elegant, lasting white flower spathes, they can spend mild summers on an outdoor veranda. They grow year-round in subtropical or tropical gardens, spreading by underground or surface rhizomes. Varieties grow to different heights. Silver Streak's matte leaves have a silver central rib. The Tasson variety blooms most reliably. S. wallisii and S. cannifolium bear fragrant flowers. They need plenty of bright indirect light, especially in winter. Keep out of hot windows. Grow in a moist but well-draining, fibrous soil. Water moderately and keep humid, especially in warm weather. They tolerate lower humidity and light, but will bloom less under these conditions. Feed monthly when growing. Keep winter temperatures above 60 deg. F; only S. wallisii tolerates cold down to 50 deg. F. Repot as needed, usually every 3 or 4 years. Grow seeds in moist moss, or divide in late winter or early spring.
Their succulent leaves on bright raspberry-red stems run a gamut of forms--quilted, wrinkled, or smooth, solid, marbled or striped, in creamy whites and greens pale to nearly black. Popular houseplants, they can summer outdoors, or provide year-round borders and ground covers in subtropic and tropic gardens. Tiny flower stalks like mouse tails appear in spring. P. fraseri's more showy white flower spikes resemble Mignonettes. Need bright indirect light with shade from intense sun, and moderate humidity. The solid green-leaved types can take more sun. Plant in fibrous, well-drained but moisture-retentive soil. Let dry somewhat between thorough soakings. Water less in winter, keeping soil just moist. Most prefer a day range of 70 to 80 deg. F, nights from 60 to 70 deg. F. Cuttings root easily. Divide the crowns of mature plants in early spring.
When dusk falls, their handsomely marked leaves fold up to 'pray'. Two varieties enjoy huge popularity as houseplants, but they also make fine decorative ground covers for tropical and subtropical gardens or conservatory beds. Arrowroot powder comes from the thick rhizomes of M. arundinacea, grown as a crop in tropical lowlands. Place in a shaded bed or a window with bright indirect light. Protect from hot sun, dry air and drafts, which cause curling and scorch spots. Need rich, loamy soil, kept constantly moist while growing. In winter, water more lightly and let dry a bit in between. Mist or place pots on wet gravel trays for higher humidity. Usually need repotting annually; water sparingly until new growth appears. For strongest leaf markings, feed regularly with diluted liquid fertilizer. Grow new plants from basal shoots with 2 or 3 leaves, or divide clumps in early spring.
Etched with intricate contrasting veins, the tender leaves of these low-creeping plants make a striking ground cover or border for tropical gardens and conservatories. Popular houseplants in colder climates, they demand high warmth and humidity, and can venture outdoors only when days and nights stay sultry. Dainty stalks bear modest flowers. Hybrids and cultivars offer variations on the two species, F. argyoneura (Silver-Nerved) and F. verschaffeltii (Red-Nerved).They need indirect, filtered light and a coarse, fertile, moisture-retentive soil. Keep soil moist, but not water-logged. Terrariums provide ideal humidity; setting pots on a tray of wet gravel also helps. Plant several to a pot and pinch new growth often for a lush dome of foliage. Feed well-established potted plants monthly with diluted liquid fertilizer. Best with day temperatures of 75-85 deg. F, nights 65-70 deg. F, though they bloom longer with dips to 55 deg. F. Grow easily from cuttings in spring or early summer. Subject to scales, mealybugs and slugs.
The lovely Moth Orchids have an undeserved reputation for being difficult. In fact, they are happy with normal home temperatures. They don't need a lot of fussing over, just regular feeding and watering--as monopods, they can't store these necessaries as the pseudobulb Orchids do. And they're among the best bloomers in the family. Sprays of buds open over a period of weeks, stay fresh-looking for months. New flower spikes can bloom from nodes on the old stems. Species, hybrids and countless named cultivars offer infinite variety. The regal 'moth' blossoms with wide-spread wings come in pure white and shades from pale blush to rich purple, many with contrasting weblike veins. Other types have narrow, spidery petals, often in soft earth tones of russet and green. A few species, such as P. stuartiana, have handsomely variegated leaves. Grow outdoors only in warm, humid zones. Need bright indirect light of a shaded porch, or south-facing window with a gauzy white curtain. Pot in medium to coarse Orchid bark. Water and mist in the morning, so leaves dry by nightfall. Soak thoroughly, then let the medium nearly dry. Let some roots dangle outside the container for air exposure. Don't mist when temperatures drop below 65 deg. F; soggy plants may rot. Prefer day temperatures of 70 to 80 deg. F, nights of 60 to 65 deg. F. Night dips to 55 deg. F encourage flowering. Some newer hybrids handle lower night temperatures.
As easy to grow as Daffodils, these small Orchids can take the cold temperatures of their native mountain habitats. Their name honors the mother of the Pleiades. Big blossoms have the familiar corsage look of a Cattleya, but are more slender and refined. Clusters of round pseudobulbs sustain these epiphytes. The thin-textured leaves emerge folded, open and usually drop just before flowers unfurl. A single stalk bears 1 or 2 flowers, sometimes scented, in white, pink or magenta--rarely yellow. Brown, yellow, or red flecks the delicately fringed lip. Need a cool, humid, shady setting. Two types differ in their growth cycles. After spring-bloomers have flowered, keep moist and well fertilized, with good light and fresh air for strong leaves and pseudobulbs. When leaves wither, they need cooler temperatures and less water. Winter-blooming species need more protection from prolonged frosts. After flowering, separate the pseudobulb clumps and plant several to a shallow pot, to half the bulb depth in a sand and fibrous organic mix, or outdoors in prepared soil. Water sparingly until roots and leaves are growing well, then generously until leaves fully extend. Stop watering from about October to December with cooler nights--ideally, close to 35 deg. F--so buds will form. Resume watering as flowers open.
The second largest Orchid group has accumulated over 1600 wildly varying species. Found from lush tropical jungles to the Himalayas, these tree-dwellers range from mere inches to a height of 10 ft. (3 m) mountains and from single large flowers on short stems to massive canes with literally thousands of blossoms. Grow outdoors only in tropical climates like Hawaii's, otherwise in homes or greenhouses. Pot in an orchid mix for epiphytes, or mount on a slab of bark. While nearly all require ample sun, warmth and water, 5 basic types have different leafing, blooming and resting cycles. (1) Those with short, hairy black stems have no real rest period, producing long-lasting spring blossoms. (2) Deciduous canes need a cooler location (45 to 50 deg. F) when leaves start dropping. Keep dry 6 to 8 weeks, and as flower buds develop, return to a warmer spot and resume watering. (3) The evergreen canes need dark cool nights (55 deg. F) in late fall to start budding, and a month-long dry rest after blooming. (4) Give pseudobulb types a dry month to promote budding, and another, 2-month dry rest after flowers drop. Finally, (5) finicky evergreen phalaenopsis types demand near-constant temperatures and moisture, with just a brief drier period as buds form. Even within these categories, species' needs vary as widely as their native habitats--but with so many to choose from, you're sure to find some that you can grow.
With plenty of light and warmth, these scrambling vines produce a phenomenal floral display. A cascade of yellow, orange and red tiger-striped flowers dances on branching stems. Outdoor plants only in sultry climates, they prefer a minimum of 65 deg. F. Grow smaller plants in a pot; move larger ones to a basket and stake the vining stems. Use the coarsest orchid mix. Stimulate the aerial roots' growth by guiding them over the surface, and misting often. In summer growth, water generously and feed diluted liquid fertilizer. Need less heat and moisture in winter, but as much indirect light as possible. As new leaves form above the old, the stem base grows bare. Cut off the lower part and replant the leafy top.
These delicate, ground-dwelling Orchids are victims of their own beauty. Plundered by collectors and growers, many species struggle for survival in the wild. Sadly, dug-up specimens seldom survive in the garden. Conscientious specialists now rear them from seed and offer dozens of hybrids. Some plants sold as Cypripediums are actually Paphiopedilums. Cypripediums' unique features include the only pleated leaves among Orchids, and a cunning pollination strategy. Their flower structure forces bees to exit a different way than they came in, leaving pollen on the flower stigma. They harmonize with ferns and tender ground covers in shady woodland and bog gardens. Fleshy rhizomes slowly form clumps from which enchanting waxy blossoms emerge in late spring. Some, like the brown and rose Moccasin Flower (C. acaule), are hardy through cold winters. Grow in full or partial shade, in moist, rich acid soil, and mulch with compost or other organic matter. Place with care--they object to transplanting. Watch out for slugs and mold. Can divide in early spring; keep plenty of soil around the roots and replant quickly.
This large Orchid group includes many you can grow outdoors in temperate climates. Some of the flowers have a strap-shaped lip, earning the genus' name--from the Latin habenula, for a narrow strap or rein. Flowers spikes form at the tips of slender, leafy stems, bearing from 1 large to several small blossoms--usually green and/or white, also yellow, orange, red or pink. The popular H. radiata (Egret Flower) braves temperatures as low as 20 deg. F and produces enchanting feathery blossoms. Although most plants thrive in conditions closest to their natural habitat, U.S. growers have trouble cultivating native American Habenaria species. Plant away from scorching sunlight, in neutral to acid, fibrous soil with lots of leaf mold. Keep constantly moist while growing, but avoid getting water on the leaves. Won't tolerate salt buildup. The tropical species need a minimum 60 deg. F when resting, 65 deg. F in growth. Others tolerate lower temperatures. When leaves wither after flowering, water less, just enough to keep roots from shriveling. Repot when two new shoots have emerged, and grow in moderate to heavy shade, watering carefully at first. Grow from seed or by division.
Like the nymph Calypso--whose charms lured Ulysses into a 7-year stay on her island--this diminutive woodland Orchid casts an irresistible spell. Coveted by native plant growers, the single blossom's sepals and petals sweep up from a hairy lip, white or pale pink with purple spots. A single dark green leaf anchors the rosy stem. Naturalizes in woodland or bog gardens that duplicate its wild habitat. Though not officially protected from collection, wild specimens won't survive transplanting without expert care. Seek out propagated plants from reputable specialists. Plant the corm-like rootstock 3 in. (7.5 cm) deep in moist, neutral to acid soil with plenty of leaf mold or peat. Can also grow potted in moist, humus-rich soil in a cool spot. Keep constantly moist. Needs cool shade in summer, more light in its fall growing season. Let soil dry out a bit when the leaf withers. Handles temperatures below 0 deg. F if covered by snow, leaf mulch or evergreen boughs. Grow more by carefully removing offsets.
A close-packed tower of blossoms crowns these ground-dwelling Orchids. Most bloom in many shades of purple, some in red, yellow or white. The divided lip lobes form curious shapes, leading to such common names as Monkey Orchid, Lady Orchid, and Military Orchid. Some species have spotted leaves. Many natural hybrids are available. All grow from a pair of egg-shaped tubers--one to nurture this year's growth, one for the next year. The Turkish people enjoy salep, a supposedly aphrodisiac drink made by boiling the tubers with milk and cinnamon. Best out of doors in temperate climates with deep to dappled shade, they don't do well in a greenhouse or tropical heat. Locate with care, as the roots are extremely sensitive--even a minor disturbance can kill the plant. Different species prefer acid, neutral or alkaline soil, but all need it moist and well-drained. Water well year-round, except for a 1-month rest period after blooming.
Not yet well known in the U.S., these shrubs or small trees, native to SW Australia's Dryandra Forest, share much of their Protea cousins' appeal. A collar of stiff pointed bracts surrounds each showy, thistle-like flower head, usually yellow to orange. Leathery leaves often have prickly teeth. Both flowers and foliage make dramatic accents for large cut arrangements. They harmonize with other bold, sturdy drought-tolerant plants in a Mediterranean garden. Nectar-rich flowers attract birds and bees. Growers graft some species onto other Dryandra species and Banksia serrata. Still fairly new to cultivation even in Australia, they challenge gardeners to learn their needs. Prefer warm dry summers and mild winters. Some adapt to a cool, airy greenhouse setting. Plant in well-drained, slightly acid, low-fertility soil. Keep almost dry in winter. Most are frost-tender, though some handle temperatures down to 19 deg. F if kept dry. Treat leaf chlorosis, a yellowing of newer leaves, with chelated iron. Grow from fresh seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Carefully consider your choices among these handsome, warm-climate ornamental trees. The two best-known U.S. species present many plusses--and some serious minuses. Municipal landscapers rely on the showy, fire-resistant, drought-tolerant California Pepper Tree (S. molle). Though arguably just as beautiful, the introduced Brazilian Pepper Tree, S. terebinthifolius, has spread aggressively across the southern states, Caribbean and Hawaii. Freed from the competitors of its original habitat, it forms dense thickets that crowd or shade out native plants. After fall and sometimes spring blooming, robins gorge on the bright red berries (sometimes becoming tipsy). The seeds they spread sprout with phenomenal tenacity, even springing back after brushfires. The leaves, pollen, sap and berries can trigger allergic responses. Some parts of Florida prohibit its planting. Despite this, it's still recommended for California planting, chiefly for its fire-resistance in dry areas. Other, lesser-known species include S. latifolus, which produces a lovely profusion of tiny flowers. Plant in spring, providing full sun and well-drained soil. Prevent wind damage by choosing a spot near a wall or larger trees, and keep pruned and thinned. They tend to form surface roots and can drop a messy litter, so locate away from paving, curbs, and paths.
Some 100 species of these oak-like evergreens grow throughout Asia and Indo-Malaysia. The U.S. claims just one native: Lithocarpus densiflorus. Though not true Oaks, their rock-hard acornlike nuts, sometimes-toothed leathery leaves, and overall appearance have earned their common name. They may be an evolutionary link between Oaks (Quercus) and Chestnuts (Castanea)--the spiky flowers or catkins look like Chestnut blossoms. Like Oaks, they tolerate a broad range of conditions, from wet watersides to rocky outcrops, but are not as cold-tolerant. A few U.S. nurseries carry non-U.S. species such as L. edulis (Japanese False Oak). Small and attractive, with smooth blue-gray bark, it blooms lavishly. L. henryi, with stunning 12-in. (30 cm)-long, bamboolike leaves, seldom exceeds 20 ft. (6 m) in cool temperate climates. Give full sun or light shade. Best in fertile, deep soil with medium drainage. Need little water once established.
A single species, this handsome desert tree grows slowly to form a broad, pleasing crown of gray-green leaves. In late spring, abundant lavender sweet-pea-like blossoms attract bees. After blooming, the leaves drop, but new ones soon follow. Sun-loving, it needs no water once established. Plant away from paths and lawns where its sharp spines could create a hazard. Will drop leaves again in prolonged freezing spells.
These pleasing ornamental and shade trees form dense, broad crowns. Sprays of creamy white flowers bloom in fall, followed by ochre, slightly poisonous berries that can be crushed for soap. Most subtropical and tropical species are evergreens. Hard to find in eastern nurseries, but worth seeking out, is the handsome Western Soapberry (S. drummondii) with deeply fissured bark and brilliant yellow autumn leaves. It handles urban pollution, survives temperatures as low as 19 deg. F, and holds up well in strong winds. An Asian species, S. mukorossi has similar traits. They like full sun and take considerable drought. Adapt to many soil types, including dry, poor, stony soils, but dislike wet areas. Most tolerate some frost. Easily transplanted. Grow from seed or greenwood cuttings. Deer tend to avoid them--all parts can be toxic if eaten.
Next time you savor Chinese water chestnuts, give a nod to Eleocharis dulcis--you're eating the crunchy tubers of a humble grass-like rush. Raised like rice in flooded fields, their reedy stems are sometimes woven into baskets, mats and hats. E. dulcis Variegata has yellow-striped leaves. Like the Carex Sedges, these simple grasslike plants naturalize by ponds and in marshy settings. Angles or grooves often add textural interest to the needle-like leaves. Pale or brown, round or columnar flower heads tip the reeds. Smaller species provide greenery for indoor aquariums. Easy to grow in mud or a slightly acid sand and clay mixture, with sun or partial shade. Keep moist. E. parvula grows as well in salty water as in fresh. Grow more E. dulcis by planting tubers, and root the upper stems of E. vivipara. Otherwise, grow from seed or by division.
Enhance a garden pond with these floating, glossy green cups. Found on ponds and lakes from India to tropical America, it rises above the surface in crowded colonies and even takes root on shore if stranded. Tropical fish stores sell it for indoor aquariums, but it tends to gradually die off without sun. Thrives in warm humid weather, ideally 75 to 80 deg. F. It may not survive at cooler temperatures. ~~Provide lime-free water between 65 to 72 deg. F. Don't let water drop below 50 deg. F. Needs full light, but protect from strong summer sun. Enrich the pond bottom with decaying organic matter. When draining the pool for cleaning, farm Pistia out on a bed of moist loam and sand.
Plant these small trees in a frost-free garden for year-round shade. Fluffy-stamened flowers lead to intriguing eyelike red berries, each with a protruding black seed. Like many other native Hawaiian plants, the Mahoe Tree, A. macrococcus, is a federally listed endangered species. Australian species such as A. coriaceus and A. tomentosus fruit from late winter into summer. Native to rocky gullies of dry forests, they need little care once established. Give a somewhat sheltered spot with well-drained soil. Propagate from seed in spring.
Gardeners pass off most of these hardy, undemanding grasses as weeds and pasture forage. But the variegated strains of A. pratensis make a colorful ground cover. Shear in early summer before they bloom, or let them be and enjoy the silky young 'foxtail' seedheads. A. lanatus, another attractive choice, needs a gravely soil like that of its natural habitat and dislikes soggy winters. Grow in sun or light shade in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil.
Easy to grow in warm semi-desert regions, these fascinating succulents deserve wider use. Sharp-pointed succulent leaves form a compass rose. Each plant measures less than 4 in. (10 cm), but colonies form a cushion up to 2.5 ft. (75 cm) high. Tiny flowers bloom in bundles of 3, with twisted yellow-green petals. Give them a dry sunny spot with well-drained soil, and let the soil nearly dry before watering. Good in shallow containers. Best with winter temperatures above 50-55 deg. F. Easily grown from seeds, by division, or from offsets from the base of flower stems.
The biggest Bromeliads, they make dramatic focal points for semi-arid subtropical and tropical gardens. Their rosettes of long rigid leaf blades blush red with full sun. A row planted at the garden perimeter creates an impenetrable barrier. Where space is limited, try the smallest species, B. humilis. Its crimson flowers cocooned with white fuzz nestle low at the rosette's center. Give them a dry sunny spot with gritty, lime-free soil. The long, hooked spines pose a real threat to passersby, so plant a safe distance from pathways. Best with minimum temperatures of 45 to 50 deg. F, though some survive a few degrees of frost. When growing, water when soil surface dries out. Feed monthly, but avoid high-nitrogen fertilizer. During winter dormancy they need only occasional misting.
Despite the common name, given for its lavish, candelabra-like flower display, this beautiful tree is not a Chestnut, but is in the same family as Citrus trees. Fuzzy young branches become smooth as they mature, forming a broad crown of glossy green leaves, which drop briefly once a year. Young trees grow slowly and don't flower for some years. The 10- to 12-in. (25 to 30 cm) clusters of white, pink or lavender flowers generally appear from May to July. Times of both flowering and leaf replacement vary geographically. Plant in full sun with shelter from strong wind. Needs a fairly heavy, neutral to acid, well-drained soil. Hardy to 25 deg. F. Root cuttings of new growth in early summer, or sow ripe seeds.
Wonderful trees for mild climates, their creamy, perfumed blossoms and smooth oval leaves resemble those of their bigger cousins, the Magnolias. The purple-black berries look like clusters of match heads. Many species boast handsome mahogany-red bark on the young branches. Need light shade and lime-free, well-drained but moist soil. Choose a sheltered spot in zones where temperatures drop near 14 deg. F. Prune occasionally to shape, ideally just after flowering. Grow from cuttings, by layering, or from seed, usually produced only where male and female trees grow together.
These rare Asian conifers look much like Firs or Pines, but need a warmer climate and tolerate drier soil and air. Young trees have a conical shape, then form a spreading pyramid. They do well in a closely-spaced group, or coppice. Taiwan's Keteleeria Nature Preserve shelters just 200 mature specimens of a rare endemic species, K. davidiana v. formosana. Since all need day temperatures of 77 to 95 deg. F for 4 months of the year, they do best in mild-winter areas such as southeastern U.S. and California. Otherwise, their needs are similar to those of Firs. Give full sun, shelter from strong wind, and moderate water. Grow from seed, by rooting shoots that form in a coppice, or by grafting onto a Fir species.
New Zealand members of the Iris family, their elegant fans of coarse, swordlike leaves spread by creeping rhizomes. Erect flower stems bear loose clusters of usually white, 3-cornered, cup-shaped flowers in late spring. Orange or yellow seeds brighten the plants in fall. Good for mixed borders or informal gardens. Frost-tender types such as L. caerulescens make good potted plants in a cool greenhouse. Many others tolerate frost down to 14 deg. F, and L. formosa survives brief dips to 5 deg. F. A smaller species, L. ixioides (Mikoikoi or Tukauki in Maori) makes a fine ground cover, especially when the leaves turn yellow in full sun. ~~Plant in full sun near the coast, dappled shade inland. Need moist but well-drained, slightly acid soil. Mulch in areas near their temperature minimum. Can leave undisturbed for years. When plants age, lift in spring and divide, replanting in well-cultivated fertile soil. Fresh seeds germinate well, but slowly.
Magnificent for the shady, moist garden, the deciduous, plumelike fronds of this plant rise from creeping stems and reach 5 to 9 ft. (1.5 to 2.75 m) tall. Difficult in mild climates, they prefer harsh winter temperatures. Two species are available. The less-common, North American native M. pensylvanica grows to 6 ft. (2 m) tall and is worth seeking at specialty growers. The more common M. struthiopteris is native to Europe and Asia.~~Start by digging up rooted divisions, planting them in pots until they become established. Or buy in containers while in leaf to find vigorous-growing plants.
Blooming shrubs, trees, and woody vines for mild frost-free climates, they do especially well along the coast. Red, pink, white, or yellow bottlebrush-like flowers appear when plants are still young. Vines scramble over trellises, walls, and tree stumps. Tree species make lovely specimens, good hedges, and screens. In cooler zones, plants in tubs can spend summers outdoors, winters in a greenhouse or conservatory. Travelers to Hawaii can't miss the rich red pompons of Ohi'a Lehua (M. collina ssp. polymorpha), often used in authentic leis. The most common native tree, it survives as a dwarf mere inches high in Kauai's cool, rain-drenched Alakai Swamp, reaches shrub size on lava flows, and towers to 100 ft. (30 m) on forested slopes. They like full sun and moderate humidity. Plant in well-drained but moisture-retentive soil enriched with leaf mold. Most handle some lime. Water plentifully in the growing season, keeping constantly moist but not soggy. In a greenhouse, provide fresh air and protect from intense sun. Feed well-established container plants diluted liquid fertilizer, spring to fall. All need a winter minimum of 40 to 45 deg. F. Prune to shape and thin just after flowering. Sow seed in spring, root semi-ripe cuttings, or layer.
Fountains of softly drooping, grassy leaves on slender black stems gracefully accent a Japanese garden or waterside. Can reach 20 ft. (6 m) Lightly hairy leaves just 0.25 in. (0.75 cm) wide grow up to a foot long. Fairly drought-tolerant once established. Plant in full sun to light shade. Needs very good drainage. Tolerates alkaline soil. Hardy to 20 deg. F, but protect from severe frosts.
These heatherlike shrubs bring fragrance and sturdy beauty to a sheltered rock garden or mixed border. Place by paths and benches for visitors to enjoy, and dry cut sprays for everlasting arrangements. They relate so closely to the Helichrysum group that botanists seem doomed to forever shift species back and forth between them. Sizes range from the 4 ft. (1.25 m) O. scutellifolius, its stems cloaked in soft white down, to 9 ft. (2.75 m) O. thyrsoideus, a top choice for dried flowers. Sweet-smelling foliage enhances species such as the neat, compact O. ledifolius. Its stems exude a sticky substance that makes the plant highly flammable--hence its nickname, Kerosene Weed. An erect, slender species, O. rosmarinifolius, reaches the peak of beauty just before blooming. Clusters of rich red buds contrast with white stems and dark green, rosemary-like leaves, last 10 days or more, then open into white, scented flowers. O. selago Silver Jubilee delights with harmonizing silvery-gray leaves, gray-white stems, white buds and flowers. Give a warm, sunny spot with very well-drained soil. Some thrive in partial shade. In the wild, even high alpine species choose a site well protected from winds. Most are frost-tender, but O. antennaria, O. ledifolius, and O. rosmarinifolius tolerate cold to 14 deg. F; O. hookeri and O. thyrsoideus survive to 23 deg. F. Cut back leggy specimens in spring before growth starts, prune again after flowering. Root semi-ripe cuttings in summer.
South Africans have a saying: as long as your Spekboom (Elephant Bush) grows and prospers, so will your finances! Fortunately, this branching succulent thrives to a ripe old age with very little care. An important source of fodder--not just elephants, but sheep, goats and other creatures munch their way through its dense thickets. Looks much like a Jade Plant but grows faster, with lankier, tapered limbs branching at angles, and smaller, 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) leaves, which glisten as if polished with oil. Reaching 9 ft. (2.75 m) in the wild, it makes a fine hedge or high-growing ground cover in dry Mediterranean climates. Where colder, it does well in pots and baskets. Bonsai lovers prune it into an angular miniature tree. Variegated forms tend to grow slower and stay smaller. Need plenty of sun; tend to grow straggly in shade. Give indoor plants strong southern exposure and regular pruning to keep bushy. Drought-tolerant, but need some water while growing and in hot weather. During winter rest, keep almost dry. Best above 50 deg. F. Won't survive much below freezing. Grow from seed or from young stem cuttings first dried 12 to 24 hours in airy shade, then rooted in damp sand or perlite.
Sun-loving shrubs from down under, their neat, low mats brighten a rocky slope or raised terrace with small summer blossoms on slender stalks. They are hard to find, as few U.S. nurseries seem to stock them, but worth the search. P. lyallii's trailing stems take root wherever they touch ground. A charming ground cover, P. decora's 2- to 6-in. (5 to 15 cm)-tall stems of white to pink flowers dance above a carpet of tiny round leaves. The creeping P. canescens has tiny 0.25 in. (0.75 cm) hairy leaves and pale blue flowers. Easy to grow in the right mild climate--neither too hot nor too cold, with shelter from chilling wind. The shortest, smallest-leafed species are most hardy. ~~Give full sun and a well-drained, low-fertility soil. Clip down in spring to keep dense and compact. Grow from cuttings, since plants grown from seed may not flower for 3 to 4 years. Vulnerable to leaf spot and mildew if too damp in winter.
Among the handful of plant groups called African daisy, these are distinctive for their long-stalked white, yellow, or purple flowers, usually with a contrasting ring of color around the dark central eye. The lobed leaves are hairy or woolly. Hybrids, grouped under the name A. hybrida, make showy borders, with brilliant flowers-white, cream, yellow, orange, crimson or purple-set off by silvery leaves. Lower-growing species are good for ground covers and rock gardens. All the flowers of this group close at night, and may not fully open on overcast days. Keep this in mind when choosing a bouquet; though beautiful, the cut flowers close too, and don't last long. Need full sun, regular water during active growth, and good drainage. Most will bloom twice in a season, but the later flowers are smaller. Grow annuals from seed; sown outside after the last frost, they sprout quickly. Young plants prefer fairly dry soil and are prone to damping off, so don't overwater. Don't transplant young plants deeper in the garden bed than they were in a flat or pot. Many hybrids will self-sow, but their flowers tend to revert to orange. Grow these from cuttings to keep getting colors you like.
Choosing Lawn Grass~~If you're in doubt about which grass to choose, check with your local nursery or Cooperative Extension Service office. They can tell you about new cultivars. In southern states, most people plant "warm-season" grasses, such as Bermuda grass. These grasses thrive in hot summers and go dormant and brown in winter. In the North, most people plant "cool-season" grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass. These grow best in spring and fall but stay green when given summer watering. Some grasses fill in more quickly than others, spreading rapidly by rhizomes or stolons. If you want a lawn instantly, lay sod instead of sowing seeds. In areas with little or no summer rainfall, look for drought-tolerant grasses. If you don't have much time, avoid grasses that need heavy fertilizing, must be mowed closely (and therefore frequently), or are susceptible to diseases. Newer dwarf varieties need less mowing and fertilizing than traditional grasses. Some grasses tolerate shade better than others. If your lawn area is shady, plant a shade-tolerant grass or a mixture or blend that includes one. You'll need a more wear-resistant grass for a lawn where children play or people walk frequently. If a single grass can't solve all of your problems, plant a mixture or blend, or plant different grasses in your front and back yards.
These elegant lilies hail from the moist, mountainous forests of China and Japan. Hauntingly fragrant, long-stalked white blooms and big, heart-shaped leaves make a striking accent for a sheltered woodland garden. The large bulbs die after blooming, but spread by offsets. Fruit capsules open in fall, letting out a shower of papery seeds. They demand a setting close to their native conditions, with relatively cool, humid summers and mild winters. Pacific Northwest gardeners may fare best. C. giganteum, the most handsome and hardy species, towers over the other two. The Japanese C. cordatum may reach 6 ft. (2 m) From China, C. catayanum reaches 1 to 4.5 ft. (30 cm to 1.35 m) tall. ~~Choose a spot in dappled shade, with excellent drainage to prevent bulb rot. Add extra leaf mold and well-rotted manure to ensure a deep, loose, nourishing soil. Plant different-sized bulbs in early spring with their tips at ground level for continuous bloom. Mulch to keep cool and to halt growth if it starts too early. Water enough to keep moist, but never soggy. Hardy to 14 deg. F. Most plants reach blooming maturity by 3 or 4 years. Pull up bloomed bulbs and replant offsets to avoid overcrowding. Plants grown from seed may take 7 years to flower, but grow more tall and sturdy. Watch for moles and slugs--who relish the bulbs--and other lily pests.
Rye breads, cheeses, pickles and liqueurs get a savory boost and crunch from seeds of the caraway plant, carum carvi. The sole garden species, it has 20 to 30 sibling species growing wild in meadows and vacant lots. These carrot family biennials produce feathery aromatic leaves the first year, bloom the second and die after their seeds ripen. ~~Grow in an herb or culinary garden, and try cooking the edible roots like parsnips. Best in full sun and deep, fertile, well-drained soil. Can handle heavy soil. Sow seeds in June, or transplant seedlings, 1 to 1.5 ft. (30 to 45 cm) apart. May develop stronger root system if transplanted, first clipping off ends of the taproots, however, some won't survive transplanting. Pull up unwanted self-seeding sprouts.
If you've always thought Socrates died from a brew of the coniferous, evergreen Hemlock trees (Tsuga), meet the real villain. Among the most poisonous plants on earth, their feathery leaves may be mistaken for Parsley, and their dried seedheads for Anise--with deadly consequences. Although they belong to the Carrot family Umbelliferae, their habit of growing by water earned them their common name, from the Anglo-Saxon hem (for border or shore) and lec (for leek or plant). Experts cultivate them today as a medical source of powerful sedatives, antidote to strychnine poisoning, and insecticide for aphids and blowflies. Brought from Europe, they grow wild in the US. The purple-spotted, ridged stems smell distinctly of mouse urine. Understandably, these plants must not be grown without careful labeling and strictly controlled access. ~~Does best in moist fertile soil. Sow in early spring and thin to 1 or 2 ft. (30 or 60 cm) apart.
Hikers at timberline fall in love with these diminutive wild heathers. Their cypress-like evergreen branches form mats around rocky outcrops, with tiny white bells nodding on red stalks. They seem a perfect choice for a rock terrace or naturalized garden, but few wild species survive in cultivation without expert care. Cassiope must have cool humid summers, constantly moist, acid soil, and shelter from dry wind, sun and heat. C. lycopodoides and less demanding British hybrids offer the best chance of success. C. tetragona can handle a little lime in soil. Try planting with other heathers and rhododendrons--C. selaginoides grows with them in the Himalayas. ~~Need good light, but shade from strongest sun, and a soil pH of 4.0 to 5.5. Water plentifully in growth, and keep moist through winter. In hot weather, mist early morning and evening with lime-free water. Protect surface roots with a yearly mulch of leaf mold and sand. Can grow in pots. With age or too much sun, sections may turn brown and die off. Grow from cuttings, divide by carefully separating rooting stems from the mat, or drop layer, transplanting the next autumn.
Say "Orchid" and most people will picture these classic corsage blossoms, waxy and ruffled with a showy central lip. But Cattleyas include other forms, including small, slender-petaled blossoms on arcing stems. Tree-dwelling epiphytes and evergreen, they form swollen pseudo-bulbs, each with 1 to 3 thick leaves. Without enough light, the leaves are richly green, but no flowers develop. To bloom, they need enough light to keep the leaves a paler yellow-green. Those that produce a single flower at a time (unifoliates) are usually hardier than bifoliates. They do well wired onto bark planks and rafts. In summer, these can hang in a sheltered outdoor spot, giving the roots a daily dip in a bucket of water. Don't spray the upper parts directly--this can damage vulnerable new growth, and scar the flowers. Most houseplants fail to bloom, needing the bright light and humidity of a true greenhouse. Some cultivars will flower in less ideal conditions.~~ Winter night temperatures should stay above 60 deg. F, days 5 to 15 deg. F warmer, with much higher temperatures the rest of the year. Water and feed heavily for full growth. A sheath enclosing the flower bud usually emerges in winter or early spring. Cut back on water and fertilizer and reduce temperatures. Some buds may need help to break out of the sheath. Time repotting for after flowering, before growth resumes. Repot every 1 to 2 years, when canes become crowded or the medium deteriorates. Remove dead roots and the oldest 1 or 2 canes (pseudobulbs), which can be propagated. Position the rhizome just below the pot rim, with the newest stem 1 in. (2.5 cm) from the edge, and fill in with orchid bark. Water sparingly, gradually increasing as new growth and roots appear.
Shrubby, hardy plants for a rock garden or dry border, they come in upright or creeping forms. Four-sided stems bear whorls of blue-green leaves and summer clusters of small starry flowers, creamy, yellow, pink or blue. The most ornamental species, C. maritima, thrives in sandy, salty coastal settings.~~Give them a warm dry location with well-drained soil, full sun or light shade. Sow seeds in spring, thin to prevent crowding. Grow more by division.
These striking members of the Bromeliad family have earned the name "Earth Star." They form flat or storied rosettes of stiff, wavy-edged leaves, often colorfully marked. White, 3-petaled flowers bloom in packed clusters. Grow outdoors only in warm humid climates, otherwise in a greenhouse or terrarium. ~~Need lots of sun with shade from the strongest, and well-drained, coarse organic soil. Prefer temperatures of 68 to 77 deg. F. Keep soil constantly moist, but never soggy. Do well in artificial light. Before sowing the fine, powdery seeds, mix with dry sand so they won't clump. Resist most pests and diseases, but watch for scale or mealybugs.
Though related to the Hollies, these handsome trees from coastal New Zealand have glossy, toothless oval leaves more like those of a Laurel or Magnolia. Dense, spreading branches bear sprays of waxy, greenish-white flowers. A wealth of fleshy orange, plum-like fruits ripens in late summer and autumn. It thrives in the tropics and warm temperate zones--C. laevigata has found a new home in Hawaii. New Zealand's native Maoris named the trees Karaka, planted groves to harvest the fruits. They discovered how to leach the strong poison out of the seeds, by first steaming, then washing them in a running stream for several days. ~~Ideal for a coastal garden in mild zones, it grows well in average garden soil. Plant well away from where children or pets could eat the fruits. Fallen fruits will sprout.
Gloriously variegated foliage makes them popular houseplants and conservatory specimens. Over 300 species grow wild in swampy parts of tropical America and Africa. In some areas the tubers of C. allouia, a non-variegated species, provide a staple food second only to corn. Non-variegated types grow largest and bear bigger flower spikes. C. lutea reaches 15 ft. (4.5 m), with leaves to 5 ft. (1.5 m) long and 2 ft. (60 cm) wide, with golden flowers. Smaller species sport leaves with silver, brown or red markings on many shades of green. Contrasting colors on undersides and stalks include purple, red or gray. In tropical or sheltered subtropical climates they make splendid ground covers and borders below trees and tall shrubs. ~~Must have humidity, fresh air without strong drafts, and rich, moist, well-drained soil. Colored markings develop best with plenty of indirect light and warmth. If leaves curl, they need more shade. Water generously in growing season, less in lower temperatures. May develop root rot if soil stays soggy. Mist early enough so leaves dry by nightfall. Add leaf mold when planting, organic mulch and nitrogen fertilizer once established. Feed potted plants weekly and repot yearly in early summer to avoid getting rootbound. In subtropical gardens, cover through winter with burlap or prunings. Divide crowns in warm season, taking care not to damage thick roots. Or take a cutting from the base with 2 to 3 leaves. If too dry, susceptible to red spider mites.
Few US wildflowers offer more delicate beauty and variety than this group. Slender, sturdy stems bear tri-petaled blooms, often ornamented with dark bands and hairy fringes. Colors range from creamy white to yellows, flame reds, soft pinks and lavenders. Even the common names charm us: Fairy Lanterns, Cat's Ears, Gold Nuggets. Lewis & Clark claim discovery of the first species named, C. elegans. Botanists have sorted the group into three general divisions. The Globe Tulips or Fairy Lanterns bear 3 to 5 nodding, often globe-shaped blossoms to a stem. Star Tulips' cup-shaped flowers turn up. The Mariposa Tulips or Lilies feature the largest cup-shaped flowers, on many branching stems. Each species has perfectly adapted to a specific wild habitat--chaparral and scrub, evergreen forest, or grassy meadow. Garden specimens demand the same conditions. All require perfect drainage, warm dry summers and mild dryish winters. Western gardeners have the best odds. Not commonly stocked by nurseries, so try rare-bulb dealers and wildflower specialists. Best in a sheltered spot with full sun, deep fertile soil. Most tolerate a few degrees of frost, but not with prolonged wetness or freeze-and-thaw cycles. Plant bulbs in late fall before first frost. In cold zones, grow as annuals, protect with a sunny wall and mulch. Water regularly while growing, taper off as leaves wither, and let dry when dormant. Where it rains in summer, dig up bulbs after blooming and store in a cool airy place. In pots, ensure drainage with pot chips, loam, and grit. Leave potted bulbs in place. Bulbs often divide after flowering; young bulbs may take years to bloom. Divide when dormant, or use the bulbils that form at the leaf base.
Members of the Bromeliad family, their rosettes of narrow leaf blades have a spidery look. They grow naturally on cliffs and ledges, not on trees as do some Bromeliads. A short central spike of white flowers may appear in spring. Grow them outdoors in warm dry climates where cacti and succulents flourish, or indoors with strong light. Best in full, but not scorching sun, and very well-drained porous soil. Water as soon as the surface dries out. Feed established plants regularly. They may benefit from added lime. Containers can be sunk in the ground in summer with mulch over the pot edges, moved inside in winter. Indoor plants prefer day temperatures of 70-75 deg. F, nights between 60 and 65 deg. F, with good air circulation. For flowers in 1-3 yrs, grow from offsets--those grown from seed take far longer. Watch for scale and mealybugs. Insect-damaged or sunburned leaves may fall prey to fungi.
Small, tender tropical shrubs display showy spikes of flower bracts in white, yellow, purple or red. They may bloom for months, from late summer into fall, attracting hummingbirds. Large, shiny dark green leaves form a rich backdrop. Outdoor perennials in warm zones, they do well as houseplants, flowering for several months with good light and humidity. ~~Give light shade and fertile soil, kept evenly moist but not wet. Leaves drop if air gets too dry. Frost-tender, but with mulching the roots and base can survive brief dips down to 20 deg. F. Cut back severely in late winter or early spring to keep compact. Fertilize in spring, or oftener if soil is poor. Easy to grow from seed or cuttings.
These low-growing annuals and perennials form a mossy mat of forking branches, tiny leaves, and silver-papery flower bracts. They neatly fill in between paving stones, rocks of a wall or terrace. The common and botanical names refer to their use to treat infections of the skin around fingernails or toenails, once called whitlows and still called paronychia. The most beautiful shining bracts form on P. capitata and P. kapela, but they may succumb to winter cold and wetness. Papery Whitlow-wort (P. chartacea) has special status as either threatened or endangered in several states, so purchase only cultivated specimens. ~~Give full sun, warmth and gritty, sandy soil. Bracts will be less silvery if soil is too rich. Water moderately in growth, keep nearly dry in winter. All are hardy to -14 deg. F, lower with perfect drainage. Divide in spring, or grow from cuttings or seed.
A single species and truly a standout, the Ironwood Tree presents an ever-changing display of colorful beauty. Slow-growing, it fits nicely in a small yard. Before leafing in spring, coral-scarlet anthers emerge from dark brown bracts, at first tightly clumped, then hanging like tassels. In fall the leaves blaze with yellow, orange and deep crimson. The smooth gray bark flakes off, revealing a mosaic of buff-pink and creamy yellow, lovely in winter and especially vivid when wet. ~~Give sun or partial shade, and deep, fertile, well-drained loamy soil. Prefers acid, but tolerates alkaline and chalky soils well. Hardy into Massachusetts. Prune off the sapling's low-growing branches to ensure it will form a tree, not a shrub. Otherwise, needs no pruning. Generally disease- and pest-free.
Their tall stalks of white, cream or yellow flower heads bloom in summer and often well into autumn, above a dome of deeply toothed leaves. Native to cool shaded slopes of eastern Asia, they suit an informal mixed border, herb or woodland garden. Most top off at 3 ft. (90 cm), the stems tipping over to root at nodes. Some cultivars go taller. P. scabiosifolia 'Nagoya' offers masses of yellow flower heads on 4 to 6 ft. (1.25 to 2 m) stalks from early June to September, red-purple leaves in fall. Delicate white flowers of P. villosa bloom from late summer into fall. P. gibbosa (Japanese Patrinia) is a smaller species with acid yellow flowers.~~Plant in full sun to partial shade with moist, gritty soil. Some species need a more or less nutritious soil, so check with your dealer. Divide in early fall or spring, or grow from seed.
These succulent shrubs invite attention with their eccentric branching forms and flower bracts resembling small red shoes--hence the name, from the Greek for shoe or sandal, and flower. Like other Euphorbia family members, they exude milky sap when cut, and all parts are poisonous. In dry subtropical gardens where cacti and other succulents flourish they may reach 3 ft. (90 cm) high, but most of the cultivated strains spend their days on a sunny windowsill. ~~Need coarse, gravelly, low-nutrient soil. Best with full sun. Water outdoor plants infrequently, stopping in winter except to keep soil from completely parching. Indoors, provide more constant moisture during blooming, and feed twice a month for best flowering. Keep night temperatures above 45 deg. F in winter, higher in the daytime and in other seasons.
Native to tropical Arabia, Africa and Madagascar, these sprawling, shrubby relatives of the Gardenia can grow year-round in a warm frost-free garden. They may bloom year-round, too, with neat round clusters of starry flowers. Colors range from white and pinks to rich candy reds and lilacs. P. lanceolata is the cultivated species, with many varieties to choose from. 'New Look Pink' and 'New Look Red' bloom from seed the first year. Pentas species appear on many a Top Ten list of plants for attracting butterflies, and hummingbirds also love their nectar. They do well in containers that can be moved to a more sheltered spot where winters bring occasional mild frost, or to a greenhouse in colder zones. They even thrive as houseplants with plenty of light and warmth.~~Easy to grow in full sun or partial shade and moderately fertile, well-drained soil. Grow more annually from soft stem-tip cuttings in late spring. Keep soil moist and pinch young plants to encourage branching. Feed established container plants every week or so. Prune to remove tired foliage and keep bushy.
Like many of their Carrot family cousins, they bear domes of button-like white to pink flower clusters on leggy stalks, but their leaflets are plain and pinlike rather then ferny. These common western wildflowers add an authentic touch to a naturalized garden or meadow. Or grow them in your vegetable garden--tribes such as the Nez Perce harvested the sweet bulbs of P. gairdneri in summer, and relished them raw, steamed or mashed. ~~Best with full sun and moist but well-drained, fertile soil. Divide or grow from seed.
Much like coleus, these square-stemmed annuals have attractive ornamental foliage--often aromatic, textured, richly colored, and marked--with sprigs of tiny flowers at the stem tips. Quick-growing and easy-care, they make an eye-catching accent or contrasting frame for a mixed bed. They're also edible, and a mainstay of Japanese cuisine. Called shiso, the leaves and seeds add zest to salads, tempura and sushimi, color and flavor to pickles, drinks and cakes. Chefs use the flowers and sprouts as garnish, much as westerners use parsley sprigs. ~~Give full sun or some shade, and rich, well-drained but moist soil. Add compost or well-rotted manure before planting for vigorous growth. Best to grow flats in early spring, plant out after frost. Pinch young plants to encourage bushy growth. Can be invasive, so deadhead to prevent self-sowing. Bring potted plants indoors before first frost. Take cuttings to root in early spring; can also transplant into garden beds. Watch for aphids, mites, whiteflies, cutworm and leaf-eating caterpillars. Also subject to damping off, mildew and rust.
These aromatic shrubs from the mint family grow wild in gravelly places from Turkey to the Himalayas. Late-blooming lavender to violet-blue flowers form tall spires above deeply cut silvery gray foliage. Leafless in winter, their sturdy gray or white stems add striking vertical elements to the garden. Good for mixed borders and coastal areas. The chief garden species, russian sage (P. atriplicifolia), was honored as Perennial of the Year in 1995 by the Perennial Plant Association. Its profusion of 1-ft, bright blue-violet flower spikes blooms for long periods. Plants offered as P. atriplicifolia by US dealers are hybrids of that species and P. abrotanoides. Look for cultivars such as 'Blue Mist', an early bloomer with lighter blue flowers than the species.~~Best in full sun. Tolerates some shade, but stems may be weaker, need staking. Give well-drained porous soil. Hardy to 5 deg. F, the roots survive though stems may die in frost. New growth looks best, so cut back close to the ground in spring and give a fertilizer boost. Prune out dead wood and crowded growth. Best grown from stem cuttings rooted in sand or moss and perlite, since seeds need special treatment.
Among the best flowering vines for tropical and subtropical gardens, they also flourish in greenhouses. They scramble up trellises and over arbors, tumble down from a hanging basket, sprawl across an open bed. Spidery blue to violet flowers with long narrow petals form long lacy sprays. Rough-textured dark green leaves earned the name Sandpaper Vine. ~~Give full sun to light shade, and well-drained soil, lime-free and low pH. Water and spray generously in growth and warm sunny weather. Prune hard after blooming (spring in the tropics) to control size and shape, keep branches untangled and free of fallen leaves. Where cool-temperate, give direct sun or bright filtered light, medium to high humidity, and minimum temperatures of 50 deg. F in winter, 65 deg. F in summer. Layer or root cuttings. Generally pest-resistant, but watch for mold, scale and mealybugs. To control these, hose down well-established vines regularly.
Often hairy, with stamens far longer than their petals, these common wildflowers have an endearing fuzzy look. Most of the 150 species display a distinctive characteristic: The tightly coiled, young flowering stems resemble fern fiddleheads or caterpillars, slowly uncoiling as blooms open one above the other. Bees love the rich nectar. Leaf shapes vary widely, from simple ovals to the finely cut and fernlike. Choose from a range of heights, and a flower palette of white, yellows, pinks, purples and blues. In the wild they have adapted to many habitats, but prefer the desert. None tolerate humid heat. Easy-care annuals thrive in a mixed border. Perennials need a mild dryish winter to reach a second season. ~~Give plenty of sun but shelter from wind. Sow seeds in early spring, or plant in fall where winters are mild. Cover 0.25 in. (0.75 cm), thin in spring. Stake taller species if needed. Keep weeds controlled.
Thousands of hybrids from hundreds of species evidence the huge popularity of this group, in home, conservatory, subtropics or tropics. They range from dainty windowsill vines to upright tub plants to spectacular, wall-scaling giants. The leathery, glossy or sometimes velvety leaves come in heart, spear, and paddle shapes, or may be deeply cut as in P. eichleri or P. selloum. Many plants change form dramatically as they mature. In an ideal setting they produce flower spathes, often with contrasting inner and outer colors.~~Best in coarse, moist, fertile soil, with partial shade or filtered light, and protection from bright summer sun. Train vines up a bark slab kept moist, and pinch growing tips to keep bushy. Some free-standing types need support. Best with nights 60-70 deg. F, days 70-80 deg. F. Mist often while growing and water moderately, less in cooler months. Soggy soil leads to root rot. Feed established plants every few months. Frequently dust and sponge indoor plants' leaves. Grow from cuttings or fresh seed, or by air layering.
These evergreen shrubs thrive in rock gardens with a Mediterranean climate, do especially well in coastal plantings. Dark leathery leaves roll under at the edges, with wooly-hairy undersides. Tiny soft flowers bloom in clusters at the branch tips. Give sun or dappled shade and moist, well-drained, humus-rich soil, preferably lime-free. P. superba tolerates some lime. Ensure good ventilation in a greenhouse. Water well as buds develop, moderately at other times, reducing to nearly dry in winter, with minimum temperatures of 40-45 deg. F. Grow from seed or greenwood cuttings in summer.
Named for a mythical sea nymph, these dainty heather shrublets fill a shady nook, offer long-blooming flower clusters from spring to summer. Like other heathers, they need a peaty acid soil and cool summers. Few nurseries stock them, but rare or native plant collections may offer a species. Do not collect wild specimens. All except the Japanese P. nipponica tolerate temperatures down to 5 deg. F. ~~Locate out of direct sun, but with good indirect light, with moist well-drained soil. Keep mulched with organic matter. In prolonged frost without snow cover, cover P. nipponica with evergreen boughs. Deadhead faded flowers, and shear after flowering to keep compact. Plant seed in spring, layer, or root cuttings in late summer, using a hormone-rooting preparation for best results.
Ground-dwelling orchids for a moist woodland garden, they produce stunning columns of flowers in shades of saffron, magenta, violet, or rarely white. Dark dots and lines on the blossoms' lips earned the name Spotted Orchid. Their fleshy underground tubers divide into several fingers. Long narrow leaves sometimes bear purple spots. Most grow in marsh and bog, but D. sambucina has adapted to areas where moisture follows snow melt, then dries out. It blooms very early, with a short, dense spike of scarlet or yellow flowers. Obtain cultivated specimens from an orchid specialist or rare plant dealer. Wild specimens are legally protected from harvesting and seldom survive transplant. Best in light shade, but tolerate direct sun if you keep the roots moist. Add leaf mold and composted bark to enrich the soil. Once established, most handle standing water for a while, but too much will lead to rot. Seldom thrive in containers.
Carnivorous plants fascinate us, and many a gardener has tried to make a pet of the Pitcher Plant by feeding it tidbits of meat. In fact, the plant gets all its required nutrients from soil, air and sun. Any insects that stray down into its watery catacomb simply provide a boost of nitrogen. And unlike the Venus Flytrap that captures victims in full view, the Pitcher Plant drowns its prey discreetly, deep within its hooded, tubular leaf. Grow it for the fascinating form and tall-stemmed, nodding cream-and-crimson blossoms. If you're lucky, someday you may spot a fly slipping to its doom. Purchase well-rooted seedlings, 1 to 3 in. (2.5 to 7.5 cm) tall from a specialty dealer. To duplicate a boggy habitat, they should start in a pot of living sphagnum moss, leaf mold and sand. Stand the pot in an inch of water. A plastic cover boosts humidity. Water daily from overhead with cold neutral or acid water, never alkaline. Rainwater is ideal. Resist the temptation to feed them. Plant out in a shaded spot, in similar medium with a little more topsoil. Hardy outdoors into New England, but in long stretches of frost without snow cover, shelter them with a cover of evergreen boughs. Greenhouse plants must have cool humidity, with winter night temperatures under 40-50 deg. F, days below 60 deg. F. Repot in midsummer after new growth slows, about every 2 years. Can also raise from seeds.
Sacred and profane, these spectacular blooming plants contain narcotic alkaloids that can bring religious visions or death. Along a roadside, their bold forms are unmistakable: big, trowel-shaped leaves; enormous flower trumpets; and spiny, thorn apple fruits. They grow just as easily in an annual bed or border. Both annual and perennial types bloom in the first year, from summer often to the first frost. The usually fragrant flowers come in white, yellow or purple. Varieties of D. metel have blue or red flowers. All depend on moths to spread their pollen by night. The leaves give off a fetid, narcotic odor. The whole plant is poisonous, especially the fruits and fresh seeds, and can kill if eaten. Concentration varies with the plant's age and growing conditions. Easy to grow in full sun and moist, but well-drained, calcium-rich soil. Don't grow them near potatoes, tomatoes or eggplant, since they're susceptible to Nightshade viruses. Sow seeds in spring, or start earlier inside and plant out after last frost. Deadhead promptly to prevent fruiting and extend blooming.
Beloved houseplants with big paddle-shaped leaves splashed with cream or yellow, these tropicals come into their own in a greenhouse or subtropical garden. There, the stout fleshy stems can reach nearly 8 ft. (2.5 m) Calla-like flowers form a spadix up to 10 in. (25 cm) long in a shorter, boat-shaped green spathe. After blooming, a dense cluster of red berries ripens. In cooler climates potted plants can summer on a patio or porch. Pot 2 or 3 together for fullness.Use a mix of equal parts loam, peat, bark and sand. If too rich, plants grow leggy. Pack soil in well. Mist daily in summer and water generously in growth, moderately in winter. Best with nights between 65-70 deg. F, days 75-85 deg. F. Protect indoor plants from drafts. Outdoor plants need shade from strong sun. As plants mature, lower leaves die off naturally. If young healthy leaves drop, try increasing water. Brown leaf edges signal a need for more humidity. Feed established plants diluted liquid fertilizer every 2 or 3 months. Calcium oxalate crystals in the plants' sap cause painful irritation--even temporary speechlessness--if touched to the mouth. Handle with gloves, take stem or flower cuttings with a knife and promptly wash hands. Keep away from children and pets. Young plants may need annual repotting; mature ones go for years in the same pot. When they reach 4 or 5 ft, give a fresh start by cutting down to within 6 in. (15 cm) of the pot rim. Also grow from tip cuttings, by air layering, or by dividing base shoots.
Brought from the Old World, the spiny Teasel has become a familiar sight along American country roadsides, as well as in dried arrangements. Fresh green when young, with small rose-purple flowers, the long-stalked flower heads dry into prickly cones. Stems and leaves also bear formidable spines. Let the flowerheads go to seed and you may attract a throng of finches. You may also have a spreading forest of self-seeded Teasels to contend with, so harvest or deadhead promptly unless you have ample space. For fresh or dried arrangements, cut stalks while still in bloom, scrape off unwanted spines and leaves while still green and pliant.~~With full sun and any moderately fertile soil, need little further care. Sow seeds in spring or fall, or raise seedling flats in midsummer, transplant in fall or early spring, 1 ft. (30 cm) apart.
These shy woodland bloomers spread slowly by creeping rhizomes, forming a tidy mound. In spring, creamy or yellow flower bells, single or clustered, dangle close to the stemless leaves. Bright orange or red berries ripen in the fall. Choose species adapted to your climate. Prefer shade, but take some direct sun once well established. Give a moist organic soil, enriched with leaf mold or peat if needed. Water regularly the first year and mulch to keep moist. Once they have formed deep roots they can handle more drought. Divide in early spring or early fall, or sow seed. Feed lightly early each spring for more vigorous growth. Berries may be mildly toxic if eaten.
With petals swept back and upward, these delightful wildflowers spread a carpet of pinks and purples across damp meadows. They grow from short fleshy rhizomes, which form tiny bulblets like rice or pearls. Found in settings from prairies to mountains, they bloom in spring to early summer depending on elevation, then die back in summer dryness. The easternmost D. meadia and D. pulchellum keep their leaves longer. D. dentatum blooms creamy white with a yellow rim. In the garden they can be difficult and short-lived, so seek out a knowledgeable wildflower dealer, and choose the most appropriate species for your setting. Best in a cool moist rock garden or woodland glade, shaded from strong sun. They prefer a loose gritty soil with added leaf mold. Mulch with organic material, and water until flowers are nearly finished blooming. The plants go dormant after flowering. Sow seeds as soon as possible after they ripen, or divide in early fall or early spring.
One annual species, a native of North America's tallgrass prairies, grows wild from the Midwest south into Texas and east into Georgia. Once classified as a Rudbeckia, its similar coneflowers bloom on branching 1- to 2.5 ft. stems. Leaves clasp the stem, earning it the common name Clasping Coneflower. Easy and drought-tolerant, grows in any moderately fertile, moisture-retentive soil, with sun or partial shade. Where frosty temperatures prevail without snow cover, protect with evergreen boughs. Will naturalize by spreading stolons. Control by digging out in spring. Divide every 4 or 5 years.
These tall Himalayan bamboos grow slowly, forming dense clumps of glossy yellow canes with bushy, leafy branches. They need a mild, year-round temperature with cool nights. Tropical or desert heat destroys them, as will winter wet or dips below 20 deg. F. A good choice for temperate West Coast gardens. Grow them in a large tub, and shift them into shelter when the heavy rains start. Grow in a sandy loam, enrich with leaf mold and water enough to keep constantly moist. Feed regularly for best growth and color. Grow more by division.
The Glory Flower's evergreen vines grow outdoors only in the mildest, frost-free zones. However, the widely cultivated E. scaber's roots survive temperatures to 20 deg. F, then send up new growth. Vines reach from 4 to 10 ft, bearing clusters of fragrant, tubular flowers that welcome hummingbirds. Train over a trellis or arbor, or plant along a wall strung with wires or strings. Grow as an annual in colder areas and take cuttings of full-grown leaves in early summer, rooting for next year. Also does well in a tub, wintering in conservatory or greenhouse. Flowers best with full sun. Give well-drained but moist, sandy, fertile soil, neutral to slightly acid. Start seeds indoors in late winter, planting out after the last frost. Space seedlings every 1.5 ft. (45 cm) for good cover. In spring, prune established plants to free up tangled vines and remove any frost-damaged growth. To help roots through the winter, cover with an extra layer of soil.
Aptly called Grassy Bells, these deep-rooting perennials grace a rock garden or stone wall with low tufts of grass-like leaves, bearing dainty flowers from spring to midsummer. Some produce flowers one to a stem, others in clusters. Delightful in pots, and easy to move to a sheltering porch when the weather turns wet.Give plenty of sun with some shade from midday heat, and a well-drained, humus-rich limestone soil. Most are hardy to 5 deg. F, but dislike winter wetness. Water generously through the growing season but never let the soil stay soggy. Keep nearly dry in winter. Repot every 2 years or so in spring. Grow from seed, division, or softwood cuttings in late spring and early summer.
The lone species, E. racemosa, once flourished among wild Magnolias and Rhododendrons by the streams of South Carolina and Georgia. Usually shrub-size, it reaches 20 to 30 ft. (6 to 9 m) in perfect conditions. Spikes of loosely clustered, fragrant, white flowers bloom well above the leaves, staying fresh for long periods, into late autumn in mild weather. Sadly, the wild plants seem to be losing their reproductive powers. With less than 5% of its pollen fertile, and seeds extremely difficult to germinate and raise, it's listed as threatened and protected in Georgia. Seek out cultivated specimens for a lovely blooming border or woodland accent. Hardy as far north as Pennsylvania. Give full sun to partial shade, with moist, well-drained, humus-rich, lime-free soil, and organic mulch. If you must transplant, take care to keep the mass of hairlike roots intact. Root cuttings in spring, using either soft tips, suckers, or stem sections 4 to 5 in. (10 to 12.5 cm) long, at least 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) wide. For best germination, score seeds and press into moist peat at 40 deg. F for 2 to 3 months, then sow.
This native American perennial grass thrives in sunny, dry conditions. Some have very blue foliage and flower spikes. Can be invasive.
Like buttons, tassels or paintbrushes, their flowers bloom on wiry stems in white, yellow, orange, red, rose and purple. Long-lasting in fresh arrangements, they dry well too. Let these sun-loving annuals bask in a rock garden or mix them up in a bed or border. Sow seed in spring, raking into ordinary garden soil. Or sow indoors 8 weeks early, plant out after the last frost. Thin seedlings to 5 to 6 in. (12.5 to 15 cm) apart and keep weeded. May self-seed and sprout the following spring.
Handsome evergreen shrubs with deep blue blossoms, they grow outdoors in the humid subtropics, thrive in conservatories, and make beautiful houseplants with plenty of light. Flower spikes bloom from winter into early spring among fresh green leaves with strongly etched veins. Bloom best with direct sunlight 4 hours a day in winter, light shade in summer. Needs fresh air, moderate humidity, and coarse, well-drained but moist, fertile soil. While growing and blooming, water regularly as soon as the surface dries, and fertilize every 2 weeks. If air or soil are too moist, may become waterlogged. While plants rest from late spring and early summer, stop feeding and cut back on water. Prefers minimum temperatures of 60-65 deg. F, but blooms longer with some cooler spells, down to 55 deg. F. Pinch growing tips to keep bushy. On established plants, cut back stems that have flowered to half their length. Indoor plants may fall prey to whitefly.
This relatively small group includes decorative shrubs with handsome spikes of petal-less flowers spikes, bright but deadly berries, and colorful leaves in fall. Less well-known, the fantastic tree-like S. American ombu, P. dioica has adapted to warm frost-free climates such as California's and Florida's. Both leafy crown and root base may spread to 60 ft. (18 m) in diameter, the root buttresses forming natural benches perfect for a shady rest. The trunk's water-saturated fibrous tissue won't burn, so it survives most grass fires. In cooler zones it may reach shrub size in a sheltered spot. The more familiar N. American shrubs, tall and sturdy, suit a woodland glade. The commonest, P. americana and P. clavigera, are hardy to 5 deg. F. For safety's sake, place them well away from paths and be vigilant about keeping children away. Best as a border planting behind a bed of shorter plants; this also spares visitors the often fetid smell of the leaves. The roots too are poisonous. Only the young shoots are harmless--some people steam and eat them much like asparagus. ~~The easy-care shrubs grow in a variety of soils with full sun or light shade. Taller plants may need staking where exposed. Sow seed in autumn, root cuttings, or divide perennials with care, using gloves. P. americana hosts some viruses that affect plants from the Amaryllis, Lily, and Nightshade families.
Popular houseplants, or beddings and groundcovers in frost-free zones, their leaves run a gamut of forms ornamented with metallic markings, quilted textures, and rich colors. Many named cultivars offer endless variations. P. microphylla's finely divided, succulent branches mimic a fern's, and the male plant's smokelike explosions of pollen have earned it the name of Artillery or Gunpowder Plant. They flourish on windowsills, and trailing types show off in a hanging basket. Many stay small enough for a dish or bottle garden. ~~Prefer high humidity and warmth, but most species tolerate less. Give bright indirect light or partial shade, and porous, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. P. microphylla and P. serpyllacea (like P. microphylla but with an overall red tint) tolerate more sunlight. In full growth, keep soil evenly moist but not wet, and give diluted liquid fertilizer every month or two. Reduce to moderate water in winter, never letting soil dry out. Keep winter temperatures above 50-55 deg. F and protect from drafts. Repot annually in spring. Discard deteriorating plants at 3 or 4 years. Cuttings root easily at any time, though spring is best.
More popular in bygone times, these lovely ferns still stand out in botanical collections, and a few specialists carry them. Fine potted plants for home or greenhouse, they grow outdoors only in mild zones. Place them on a pedestal or suspend in a basket to show off the dusting of fresh gold or silver on their undersides. They spread by short-creeping rhizomes, unfurling fronds on wiry, dark glossy stems. Hybridizing readily, they can defy strict identification. ~~Indoor plants need moderate humidity, fresh air and good light but no direct sun. Give well-drained, coarse, fertile, organic soil. Keep constantly moist, as dry soil can badly damage them. Feed established plants diluted liquid fertilizer. Water less in winter and never directly on fronds. Winter nights should range 55-60 deg. F, days 5 to 15 degrees higher. Repot in late winter or early spring. Older plants become raggedy, so raise replacements from spores, which sprout easily and grow quickly, or divide the crown.
They say a weed is a plant in the wrong place, and the best-know Plantain, P. major, illustrates this well. Native Americans named it 'White Man's Foot' as it sprang up in the wake of European settlers. Another name, 'Cart-Track-Plant' testifies to its endurance even under heavy traffic, and to this day it tries the patience of lawnkeepers. But this much-maligned plant can ease or cure a wide range of ailments. Some strains boast attractive colored, variegated or downy leaves, forming big basal rosettes. They suit a medicinal herb garden, border, or rocky terrace where their bold forms can show off. P. m. rosularis forms leafy rosettes on stalks where flowers ought to be. Creamy margins and splotches accent the leaves of P. lanceolata marginata. By the way, the large baking bananas called plantains are Musa paradiciaca--no relation to the Plantago group. ~~Give full sun and a warm gritty soil. Unlike the other species, P. nivalis needs a lime-free soil and protection from winter wetness. Sow seeds or divide.
These evergreen, epiphytic ferns grow best in hanging baskets or on sphagnum moss wired to a wood slab. Produces two kinds of fronds: permanent, broad and sterile 'nest leaves' and strap-shaped, usually divided and arching, fertile fronds. Start new plants from the small 'pup' fronds that form among them. Keep moss or wood moist with a weekly soak in sink or bucket, but do not fertilize Staghorns at any stage.
Pretty, easy annuals for a mixed flower border or bed, their white, pink or rose flowers bloom at intervals or in heads on upright stems. Grow in a sunny spot with any moderately fertile, well-drained soil. Sow in the ground in spring, or in autumn where winters seldom get below freezing, barely covering with soil. Thin seedlings to 6 in apart.
Fine flowering plants for a mixed bed or rock garden in dry frost-free zones, they range from low-growing alpine species to leggy shrubs. Hardy species--P. lutea, P. calcarea, P. chamaebuxus, P. paucifolia var. grandiflora--offer a lasting summer display of pea-like flowers in slender spikes. Surround them with low bushy plants to conceal the bare lower branches. In cool temperate zones, tender species such as P. galpinii and P. myrtifolia do well in containers, wintering in a greenhouse and summering outdoors. Choose the right species for your soil type--P. calcarea needs alkaline soil, while others such as P. paucifolia need it acid. The slowly spreading alpines such as P. chamaebuxus don't thrive in mild damp winters. ~~Give partial shade or sun and moderately fertile, well-drained soil. Keep moist throughout the growing season. Shear shrubs often to keep compact, and cut back gangly plants hard in late winter. Greenhouse plants need bright indirect light, shade from hottest summer sun, and fresh air. Enrich potting mix with sand and organic matter. Water generously and feed biweekly in full growth. In winter keep just moist, with minimum temperatures of 40-45 deg. F. Grow from seed in spring, or by dividing, rooting softwood cuttings, or layering. Greenhouse plants are subject to whitefly.
A must for your romantic Persian garden, these easy-care annuals offer a froth of feathery foliage and a lasting display of exotic, showy blossoms. Nestled among fine threadlike bracts, the flowers have earned the names love-in-a-mist and devil-in-a-bush. White, pink, blue or yellow, they have intriguing stigma and stamens like a little jester's cap that later form delightful inflated seedpods which resemble ribbed balloons. Flowers and pods stand out in fresh or dried arrangements. Long popular for spicing and condiments, their oil-rich seeds impart the scents of caraway, nutmeg, coriander and cumin. Sow these sun-lovers in March, or in fall in warmer areas. They sprout in 10 to 20 days. Sow more at intervals for a long blooming period. Deadhead for larger flowers from later buds, but let some self-sow for more plants next year.
These pretty bloomers bring fresh beauty to a shady rock garden, naturalize in a woodland glade. Clouds of blue or white flowers, much like forget-me-nots, spangle a low growth of softly glossy leaves. O. verna shares the common name blue-eyed mary with some collinsia species. It spreads slowly by underground stolons, sending up stems 2 to 8 in. (5 to 20 cm) tall. O. luciliae, a finicky native of cliff crevices, needs full sun and a light, moist, fast-draining soil with added lime. Its flowers open pink, then cool to sky blue. The alba variety blooms white. ~~Hardy to 23 deg. F, it needs shelter from winter wetness. Most other species prefer a cool spot with dappled shade, tolerate cold to 5 deg. F. They like a neutral to acid, gritty soil, appreciate added leaf mold. Sow annuals in the ground in spring, protect seedlings from direct sun, and thin to avoid crowding. Perennials do best reared in flats or pots. Annuals often self-seed. All species dislike having their roots disturbed, so avoid transplanting established plants and use care if dividing.
Bristling with spines, these imposing thistles raise handsome purple shaving-brush flowers on stalks up to 6 ft. (2 m) tall. Though strictly biennial, they release blizzards of fluffy-winged seeds that can create unwanted offspring. Australia has spent tens of millions trying to rid pastures of the prickly weeds. But with common-sense control measures, their roughhewn beauty can enhance a naturalized garden or meadow without taking over. Deadhead promptly, and pull up sprouts before they get their teeth. Where tall species would overpower, try the stemless O. acaulon. Its white blossoms nestle in a rosette of white-wooly, toothed leaves. ~~They love a warm sunny location and heavy, slightly alkaline soil with good drainage. Most handle temperatures down to 5 deg. F. Sow seed in spring or autumn, or rear in pots, planting out before rootbound. Can raise 1st-year plants in a side bed, 1 ft. (30 cm) apart, then transplant to a prime blooming spot, 2 to 5 ft. (60 cm to 1.5 m) apart, in early fall or 2nd spring. Despite the prickles, snails and slugs may eat the leaves.
Australians call these handsome native palms Burrawangs. Livestock that eat the poisonous fruit suffer "the wobblies," a paralysis that leaves them unable to eat. The aboriginal people developed ways to leach out the poison. Among the easiest palms, they tolerate some dry conditions. The enormous stem grows completely underground, or emerges for a few feet. Shimmering fronds with silky or wooly bases grow erect, then arc and droop. Males and females bear characteristic pineapple-shaped palm cones. Females have narrower leaflets; larger cones, from 5 in. to 2 ft. (12.5 cm to 60 cm) long; and fleshy orange-red fruits. In tropical or subtropical landscapes, shorter types can form a low border, and taller ones make splendid accents and specimens. Where colder, they do well in a cool greenhouse or even as houseplants. Buy the largest specimen you can manage, for they grow at a glacial pace -- one in the Sydney Botanical Garden took 100 years to reach 6 ft. (2 m) The biggest species, M. moorei, may reach 20 ft. (6 m), but most top off at 6 to 12 ft. (2 to 3.75 m) ~~Plant in very porous soil. Most grow best in dappled shade. Keep soil moderately moist spring through fall, letting dry more in winter. In a greenhouse, night temperatures should range from 50 to 60 deg. F and day temperatures up to 75 deg. F in winter, with much higher temperatures the rest of the year. Keep children and pets away from the toxic fruits. Easy to grow from seed, but may take 5 years to reach a noticeable size.
The rangy Tarweed, a wildflower of the western US and Chile, suits a naturalized meadow, mixed bed or border. Cheerful, daisy-like flowers with yellow or black discs and yellow ray petals open only from late afternoon until mid-morning, then fold up their petals until the sun starts to dip again. Long slender leaves and stems covered with sticky sap often exude a strong resinous odor. Four subspecies of the sturdy, branching M. elegans bloom at different elevations and seasons in California and Oregon, from M. e. vernalis in February to M. e. densifolia--up to 8 ft. (2.5 m) tall--which keeps flowering into November. ~~Sow in a sunny spot with well-drained soil, 8 to 10 weeks after the last frost, or 2 in. (5 cm) apart in flats, transplanting seedlings.
Grow the wild cucumber as an ornamental curiosity, not for harvest. The bitter taste of the prickly-spined fruits earned the botanical name, which refers to the Biblical bitter waters of Marah. Vines up to 25 ft. (7.5 m) long bear 4-in., maple-like leaves of fresh green, curling tendrils and starlike flowers. They grow from late winter until the first hot summer weather. Then the vines die back and enormous roots sustain the plant in dormancy until the winter rains return. The roots also respond to fire, sending out some of the first new shoots to recolonize a blackened area. Native Californian tribes used the large black seeds for beads. ~~Plant in a sunny spot with good drainage; most wild species grow on dry slopes. Can grow on a trellis, or let sprawl across open space.
Horehound candy, once a Victorian favorite, seems to have faded from popularity. The flavor source, M. vulgare, a sturdy, wooly-white herb, reaches 1 or 2 ft. (30 or 60 cm) Introduced to America from Europe, these perennials now grow wild in disturbed areas. Square stems, characteristic of the Mint family, bear pairs of flat crinkled scallop-edged leaves at intervals. Tiny flowers grow in rings around the stem just above the leaves. Perfect for a cottage or herb garden, they make nice edging plants to contrast with bright greens and colorful flowers. Herbalists still value M. vulgare to soothe coughs and colds, and the brewers of Norfolk and Suffolk make Horehound Ale. Cut stems make a pleasing and long-lasting filler in vase arrangements. ~~Easy to grow, best in full sun and dry, low-nutrient soil, with a pH range from 4.5 to 8. Most take frost to 14 deg. F, but won't tolerate damp around their roots in winter. Sow seed late spring and thin to 1 ft. (30 cm) apart. Keep weeded. Those grown from seed bloom the second year, from June to September. Layer or grow from softwood cuttings of new growth in spring or autumn. To harvest M. vulgare, cut stems of both leaves and flowering tops at peak of bloom in summer, hang bundles in dry airy shade. When dry, rub off the leaves and flowers, store in capped jars.
The plants we call Chamomile--used to make comforting teas, brighten blonde hair, and soothe a long list of ailments--may come from this group or the similar Anthemis group. They share a branching form with feathery leaves and small daisy-like flowers, some without ray petals. Gardeners may find the species commonly called German Chamomile sold as either M. recutita or M. chamomilla. The flowers of M. matricarioides both look and smell like tiny pineapples, earning it the name Pineapple Weed. Perfect for a cottage garden or naturalized meadow. Sow seed in early spring or late summer in any well-drained sunny spot. Thin seedlings to prevent crowding. These annuals self-seed readily.
Jasmine flowers perfumed the lovers' garden in 'Kismet', and scent a well-known Oriental tea. These popular vines, climbers and shrubs come in forms to suit most every garden. Some need training and tying; others fend for themselves. Not all species' flowers are fragrant. Choose the right plant for your zone. Most need sun to bloom their best, but J. officinale and J. nudiflorum (Winter Jasmine) tolerate the shade of a north-facing wall. J. nudiflorum, a good choice to stabilize a steep bank or cover a retaining wall, handles urban pollution. Its yellow flowers bloom January to March. Jasmine tea includes buds of J. sambac's intensely fragrant white flowers. Though its yellow flowers have no fragrance, J. parkeri (Dwarf Jasmine) fits nicely in containers. The group's only red or pale-pink flowers bloom on two fine ground covers, J. beesianum and its hybrid J. stephanense. ~~Easy-care, they thrive in any well-drained, moisture-retentive garden soil. Water freely in summer, more sparingly in winter. Larger-leaved species need more water. Plant pot specimens of the hardy species autumn to spring. To shape and control, pinch regularly, prune after flowering. Root cuttings from late summer to early autumn, sheltering through winter at 45-50 deg. F. Can also layer, or sow ripe seeds. Subject to aphids and mealybugs. Gray mold may cause dieback in frost-damaged vines.
These intriguing members of the huge Euphorbia family bear some resemblance to their Poinsettia cousins, with flat, broadly pointed leaves at intervals on smooth erect stems, and clusters of small flowers. In tropical South America, larger species grow as sidewalk trees and hedges. In more temperate zones, the swollen, tough trunks and stems of small potted species add interest to succulent collections in a greenhouse or on a summer patio. Flowers bloom in shades of yellow, purple, scarlet and vermilion. All parts of some species (J. curcas, J. multifida) are highly poisonous. Experts value their purgative properties, and some native peoples have learned to bake the seeds, killing the poison and making them edible. ~~Best with full sun, but tolerate partial shade. All need a dry dormant period when leafless, with minimum winter temperatures of 55-60 deg. F. Repot in late winter, every few years. Grow from seed or semi-ripe cuttings; let these dry in cool shade for one or two days before rooting in a sandy mix.
Just two species of charming woodland plants make up this group. Deciduous perennials, over time their fibrous roots form a mat. The Latin name honors Thomas Jefferson. J. dubia, with lavender to pale blue flowers, grows wild in the forests of Manchuria and Siberia forests. Its young leaves, heart-shaped with irregularly scalloped edges, have a purple tinge. Both species' leaves mature only after the flowers appear. Perfect around the base of a sheltering tree, or in a natural or rock garden.~~Give partial shade and moist humus soil. Add lime if soil is too acid, and mulch with organic material. Water in dry spells. Grow from fresh ripe seed, sheltering until established, or divide in early spring.
Not often cultivated, these pretty wildflowers have a breezy look well-suited to a naturalized meadow, rocky terrace or native garden. Flat-topped blooms on long slender stalks may remind you of Bachelor Buttons. Try K. macedonia's crimson flowers in a more formal mixed bed, but stake the 3.5 ft. (1 m) stems where subject to strong wind.~~Give them a warm sunny site with well-drained soil. Easy to grow from seed, once established they colonize readily with minimal care.
A 'Jekyll/Hyde' species dominates this group of annuals. The 'Dr. Jekyll' side of K. scoparia graces gardens as an ornamental, dubbed 'Summer Cypress' for its soft dome or plume of feathery green, and 'Burning Bush' for its brilliant purples and crimsons in fall. But escaping cultivation it becomes 'Mr. Hyde', a noxious weed that poisons livestock and triggers hayfever in humans. Though inconspicuous, the flowers that form on spiky tips release quantities of seed if allowed. Keep its beauty under control in containers or bordering a path. Promptly pull up any self-seeded sprouts. Dispose of dead plants once their fall color fades, as they can break off and form 'tumbleweeds', scattering seed. ~~Plant where sunny, in light, fertile, well-drained soil. Always keep the soil slightly moist. Sow seed where you want the plant, or start in peat pots 2 months ahead and transplant. Sprouting takes 2 or 3 weeks. Place 8 in. (20 cm) apart for a hedge, 2 ft. (60 cm) apart for individuals. Stake with a light cane where it's windy. Feed container plants diluted liquid fertilizer occasionally in summer.
Much like their Gesneriad cousins, the African Violets and Gloxinias, these delightful tropicals brighten windowsills with year-round flowers and hairy, velvety, crinkled or patterned leaves. They can summer outside on a sheltered veranda. Contrasting speckles often decorate the trumpet-tube blossoms' five flaring petals. Most in cultivation are hybrids and varieties, offering combinations of green and purple, rose and black, and red with black, yellow, or white speckles. With good care they may bloom continuously.~~Best with the bright indirect light of a greenhouse, or at least a full day of artificial light. In summer they like a minimum of 70 deg. F at night, higher during the day, with humidity. Shade just enough to keep the leaves from scorching yellow, and keep constantly moist. Feed established pots every 1 or 2 weeks; water less often after they flower, tapering back to a winter rest. Cut back during winter rest period to spur new growth, and keep watered enough so they don't entirely dry out. In late winter or early spring, dig up and shake the soil off the scaly caterpillar-like rhizomes, and replant in fresh, coarse organic mixture. Can divide rhizomes; also grow from cuttings or seed. A plastic bag over the pot keeps humidity high while new plants are rooting. Few problems with pests.
These easy-care evergreen shrubs or small trees bear fluffy bottlebrush flowers, singly or in clusters, much like those of Leptospermum and Callistemon. Oceanside plantings need no water. They thrive in sandy soil and help stabilize a slope. Australians enjoy the small edible fruits of K. pomifera, which they call "muntries." K. pomifera's deep pink flowers and fresh green foliage last well in cut arrangements.Easy to establish. ~~Need full sun and good drainage, tolerating heavier soil only if well drained. Yellowing leaves may signal chlorosis from too much alkalinity. Water inland plants a few times in summer.
Like other S. African natives, these highly varied deciduous bulbs thrive in a mediterranean climate. Those from the southernmost Cape start blooming in late winter, more northerly species in early summer. Flowering may continue for 6 to 8 weeks. Birds sip nectar from the bright yellow, orange and red tubular flowers. Pollinated by bees, the fragrant bell flowers bloom in pinks and blues. Fleshy, strap-shaped leaves, sometimes mottled with brown, may sprawl, arc, or grow upright. ~~Plant bulbs from August to September. Can grow year-round in a garden bed only in zones with cool nights and little or no frost. In other zones, plant in containers, several bulbs 1 to 1.5 in apart and deep, just covering the tips. Add a layer of peat moss to shelter and keep moist. Water sparingly and keep cool and shaded. Once roots and leaves start to form, remove the mulch, bring pots into light and fresh air, and gradually increase water. Feed established plants regularly once flower spikes appear. After blooming, remove flower stalks unless you want to harvest seeds. As leaves yellow and wither, gradually taper off water until leaves dry completely. Keep in cool dry shade until late summer, then pull up the bulbs, shake off soil, sort by size, and repot. In an optimum climate they naturalize easily by offset bulbils that form after flowers fade. Can also grow from ripe seed, but varieties usually revert to the species. Plants from seed may flower the spring after their first dormancy.
Botanists trace the origin of these handsome and useful vines to the Old World, but they were established in Peru at least 5,000 years ago--archaeologists have carbon-dated gourd tools and utensils. Whether they floated across the Pacific or natives carried them over the Bering land bridge remains a mystery. With their varied shapes, the seasoned gourds may serve as toys, nest boxes, utensils, vases, cups, ornaments, and musical instruments such as maracas. Dealers offer many varieties of L. siceraria, the only cultivated species. The vines readily cover a fence or trellis. Big, fragile white flowers open at night, close during the day. If bruised, the leaves give off a smell that bothers some people, so plant away from paths and handle with care. ~~Grow like other vining vegetables such as squash and cucumber, planting after all danger of frost. Can start in pots, but transplant seedlings before they reach 3 weeks. Keep the soil moist. Gently harvest gourds as soon as they turn yellowish, or before frost. Cut with an ample length of stalk and dry at 70 deg. F, with good ventilation, until light brown or straw yellow. This may take several weeks. To remove the last of the outer skin, dip in boiling water and rub off. Leave seeds and membrane inside, or saw off the top or drill a hole and shake them out. If you like, you can paint, carve, or burn designs on the finished gourds. For a glossy finish, wax, shellack or rub with oil and bake in a warm (100 deg. F ) oven for 10-min periods, gradually increasing the heat for each bake until reaching 200 deg. F. Slow baking is crucial; rushing the process with high heat will ruin the gourds.
These tough, handsome shrubs form evenly-spaced 'orchards' on desert plains where nothing else seems to grow. The dark green leaves release a strong resinous fragrance when watered or brushed against. Most people love it, though a few find it unpleasant. With plentiful winter rain, bright yellow flowers cover the plant in spring, drawing throngs of bees. Abundant, fluffy white seed-balls follow.Truly maintenance-free, they handle punishing heat, sun, wind, cold (to 0 deg. F) and drought. ~~Plant young container plants in a permanent location, since older plants don't appreciate transplanting. Give extra water at first to help develop deep tap roots. Grow fuller and taller with regular water, spring feeding and shelter from strong wind. Can also grow from seed.
Prized for its colorful, sweet-smelling blooms, the easy-to-grow lathyrus genus has 130 species of annual and perennial vines or bushes. The best known is annual sweet pea. Flowers on all plants range from pink, white, red, rose, lavender, salmon--with small, flared petals that resemble wings. Small, translucent pods follow. ~~Plant from seed for spring or summer bloom, but beware of heat-sensitive spring-bloomers. Early-flowering types may bloom mid-winter in mild climates. Vines, which grow to 5 ft. (1.5 m) or more, need support when tendrils form, so provide stakes, string or trellis before planting. Bushes may grow to 2.5 ft. (75 cm) Use Knee Hi, a bush type with masses of large, long-stemmed flowers in containers. A perennial pea, L. latifolius, resembles the sweet pea, but without fragrance.~~To prolong bloom, remove pods and cut flowers regularly. Use cut sweet pea to scent a room.
These western US wildflowers offer a showy froth of yellow and white from spring into summer. Frost-tender annuals, they brighten dry sunny banks and rock gardens. Their sturdy stems don't need staking and last well in water. The long, toothed, sometimes hairy leaves resemble a dandelion's. Delicate fringy white or yellow petals surround a yellow disc flower; those with white-tipped yellow petals bear the name tidy tips. L. gaillardiodes has pungent foliage, flowers varied from pale yellow to golden. Sow seed in spring in any sunny spot with well-drained soil. Don't like heat and humidity. Keep weeded, water if extremely dry.
These hardy evergreen shrubs favor moist peat bogs, swamps and coniferous forests. Long stamens on the clusters of white flowers give them a starry appearance, and both flowers and foliage offer a pleasant fragrance. American colonists found a substitute for British tea in the leaves of L. groenlandicum (Labrador Tea). The leaves' undersides sport a dense rusty felt. Compact types fit nicely in damp, partly shaded nooks of a rock garden. Even the most tender species, L. glandulosum columbianum, survives to 5 deg. F. ~~Plant in rich moist acid soil, with full or partial shade. Prefer cool summers and won't do well in high heat or dry conditions. More acidity in the soil helps them tolerate more dryness, but never let the roots get completely dry. Deadhead and use organic mulch year-round. Grow more from seed, cuttings or layering.
Once part of the Gilia group, these native US wildflowers have gained their own genus. Though quite similar, Linanthus' needle-like leaves ray out in single clusters at intervals on the stems, while Gilias' leaves are finely divided. Delicate, funnel-shaped flowers flare out into 5 white, pink, rose-pink or lilac petals, some accented with dark lines or spots. In L. bicolor (True Baby Stars), the flower tubes are 5 to 10 times longer than the bright red-pink petals. The showy blossoms of L. dianthiflorus (Ground Pink) form 1 in. (2.5 cm) bowls which are white with sawtoothed pink edges and a dark maroon center. Good for dry sunny beds and borders, native gardens and containers. Plant in full sun with well-drained, moderately fertile soil. Long-stemmed types may need staking. Deadhead promptly. Keep potted plants dry in winter.
Ghostly pale, crook-topped stems shimmer in the shady depths of a woodland grove. Rarely grown in gardens, these fascinating saprophytes live on decayed plant materials in the soil--or on soil fungi with the same habit. They look like fungi, but are true flowering plants. The leaves barely exist as small stem-hugging scales. M. uniflora, Indian Pipe, grows in dark moist woods throughout much of north America and Eastern Asia. M. hypopithys, Pinesap, inhabits woods in North America, Mexico and the Old World. Its yellow, pink or red downy stems, to 1 ft. (30 cm) tall, bear a spike of several to many, fragrant flowers in white, yellow or orange. Seek out specimens from a wild-plant collector, and try to duplicate their wild habitat: cool shade, moisture, and plenty of organic material.
These dwarf American wildflowers are prized for their many small bell-shaped flowers. White, blue, purple or spotted, they bloom continuously spring to summer when the weather is cool. Tolerate lots of moisture. Use in wildflower and rock gardens, as a bulb or ground cover, and in beds and borders. Mostly sold as seeds. Sow in light sandy soil by broadcasting seed in fall where winters are mild and in spring elsewhere.
These popular, accommodating ferns thrive in fairly strong light and somewhat dry soil and air, conditions that most other ferns won't tolerate. The group includes both epiphytes, ground-dwellers, and some that will grow either way. From wild species with simply branching fronds, growers have developed a host of multiple-branching, frilly cultivars. Epiphytes such as N. cordifilia and N. acutifolia tolerate some drought if the air is humid. Those with arching fronds, such as N. falcata or N. pendula, make fabulous hanging basket plants. In frost-free areas they can grow on palms or as groundcovers and borders.~~Best with bright filtered light and humid but fresh air. They will droop if too dark or damp. Use a coarse fern mix with some added loam. Water evergreens moderately in summer, little in winter. Keep the few deciduous types nearly dry while dormant. The laciest forms dislike lasting moisture on their fronds. Mist judiciously, when weather is warm enough to dry the fronds within an hour. Give potted plants a regular feeding of diluted liquid fertilizer. Divide young plantlets in early spring. The species resist pests and disease, but cultivars are subject to fern scale, mealybugs, whiteflies, Botrytis cinerea, slugs and snails. Use chemical sprays with care, as they may damage the lacy types.
The Reverend Ruben Denson Nevius catalogued this single species, which grows wild on cliff faces above Alabama's Black Warrior River. A small deciduous shrub 3 to 6 ft. ( 90 cm to 2 m)high, it spreads slender branching stems of toothed leaves. The lovely tassel-like spring flowers earned its common name of Snow Wreath. A good choice for border or sunny woodland. Best in a warm location, but hardy to 4 deg. F. In cooler zones the flower stamens appear creamy rather than pure white. ~~Grow in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil. Water only in prolonged dry stretches. Prune old or dead wood right after flowers fade, to allow more sun on new shoots for strong growth. Easy to grow by division, rooting softwood or semi-ripe cuttings, or from seed.
If your garden isn't sunny and dry enough for the cultivated Hollyhock (Alcea), try the Wild Hollyhock, a lover of cool, humid shade. Often grown in US native plant collections, this striking plant with big maple-like leaves produces spires of showy, bowl-shaped flowers in white, pink, or red-purple. I. grandiflora has the largest flowers, with pink petals up to 1.25 in. (3 cm) long. One of the rarest native United States plants, I. remota, seems to have vanished from a river island in Illinois, leaving the last known colony on a Virginia mountainside. ~~Plant in at least partial shade and moist soil. Most are hardy to 5 deg. F. Can grow from seed, but may be slow and erratic to sprout. They naturalize well; can also divide established plants.
This huge group of over 700 small trees, shrubs and annuals is known as the source of indigo, a vivid blue dye. Extracted from the leaves and young stems of I. tinctoria and a few other species, it was used as early as 2000 BC to color Egyptian mummy cloth. Although synthetic dyes replaced indigo in the late 1800s, its use has surged with renewed interest in natural dyes. Handsome shrubs and border accents with silky-haired leaves, they bloom later than most shrubs. Their lavish displays of dense flower heads may last from mid-summer into autumn. The most cold-tolerant, I. kirilowii, spreads by suckers and has dense clusters of rose-pink flowers. I. potantinii is also hardy, with splendid lilac-pink flowers for many weeks from early summer. I. incarnata alba is hardier than the species, with pure white flowers. The indigo sources I. tinctoria and I. suffruticosa are not as decorative, but deserve a place in collections of medicinal, culinary and other useful herbs.~~Need full sun, heat, and deep, moderately fertile, well-drained soil. Where winters are hard, shelter with a warm wall and mulch. Because they bloom on the new season's growth, prune severely in early spring. Remove dead, frost-damaged, or old and leggy branches. Though an entire plant may appear killed by frost, chances are the roots survived; watch for new shoots, which grow quickly and bloom the first year. Before sowing seed, pour nearly-boiling water over them and let soak overnight. The suckers of some species can be transplanted.
Placed among a garden's many greens, red-leaved plants pack a real punch. The Bloodleaf species provide intense, purply reds, often marked with contrasting veins. In tropical and subtropical gardens or conservatories they grow as perennials, where they may reach shrub size at 4 to 5 ft. (1.25 to 1.5 m) In temperate zones they make fine houseplants, and can summer outside. Let one of the sprawling types spill over the edges of a hanging basket.~~Both indoor and outdoor plants need plenty of strong indirect light, but protection from too much hot sun. All are frost-tender. Keep soil moist, but a bit drier in winter. Pinch off the tips regularly for a dense bushy shape. Easy to grow from cuttings at any time; start a new pot in fall for good growth by next summer.
Mel Gibson probably used a blue pancake makeup in 'Braveheart', but the real William Wallace and his followers stained their faces with Dyer's Woad (Isatis tinctoria). Europeans extracted the dye substance indigotin from this plant for centuries, until travelers to the Middle East brought back indigo--a dye source ten times stronger than the humble Woad. Despite this, artisans growing their own dye plants in colder climates find Woad much easier to grow than Indigofera tinctoris. In fact, its habits of prolific self-seeding, and sending down thick tap roots as deep as 5 ft. (1.5 m), have overwhelmed the native plants of some western United States rangelands. A few states have outlawed its cultivation. The astringent leaves make a good ointment for skin ulcers and inflammations, but must not be taken internally.~~Needs well-drained, fertile soil and partial shade or full sun. Hardy to 5 deg. F as a biennial, with a low rosette of leaves the first year, stout stalks 2 to 4 ft. (60 cm to 1.25 m) tall the second. These bear lance-shaped leaves and flower heads in early summer. Where colder, treat as an annual. Sow seeds outdoors in late summer to establish plants well before winter, thinning to a spacing of 6 to 12 in. (15 to 30 cm) Or, sow in flats or pots indoors in late winter, transplant seedlings when 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) tall in early spring. Perennials such as I. glauca can be divided.
This ancient group of over 450 species appeared on Earth long before the flowering plants. Narrow stems cloaked with small scaly leaves resemble Juniper or Cypress foliage. They may grow upright, droop, or creep and root, sending up erect, forking branches. Some offer a bracing resinous aroma. The many intriguing forms make them popular as container plants and holiday greenery. Fine powdery spores provide a bright explosive flash when ignited. Once used by photographers, they still illuminate some fireworks and flares. Dried, powdered plants make a powerful diuretic and treatment for jaundice and rheumatism. Most grow on trees or rocks in tropical and temperate rainforests, and mountainous cloud forests. Terrestrial types prefer poor swampy soil. All challenge the gardener to duplicate their native conditions. Terrestrials especially resist cultivation, but experts succeed with an immersed container and just the right combination of humidity and light. Tropical tree-dwellers are easier, and North American species hardiest. Lycopodium complanatum, the fragrant American Club Moss, displays a creeping, rooting habit. Weeping fir-like species such as L. phlegmaria show off in a hanging basket. ~~Give bright filtered sun, shade to the species' liking, fresh humid air, and an acid, highly organic medium. Mount on a plank or hang in a basket of sphagnum moss. All parts are sensitive to metals and mineral salts, so avoid metal wire baskets. Water not on the roots, but the moss or other medium around them, and provide moisture through the air. Spray half-strength seaweed-based liquid fertilizer on foliage, rinsing off later. Provide extra winter light in cool temperate climates. Tropical epiphytes need minimum winter night temperatures of 60F, days at 65 to 70F, higher in warm months. Propagate both kinds by division or cuttings. Can layer the growing tips onto the soil, as plant would do in the wild.
Lush plants for a damp woodland bog or stream bank, the Skunk Cabbage shows off when backlight illuminates the juicy, translucent leaves. Striking flowers, like cala lilies with a spiky spadix sheltered within a spathe, bloom in late winter to early spring. Stemless leaves follow, up to 4 ft. (1.25 m) long and 2 ft. (60 cm) wide, forming a dense growth that crowds out weeds. Bruise the leaves of yellow-blooming L. americanum, our US native, and they release a distinctive musky odor. The smaller Asian L. camtschatcense has no smell, and its white flowers appear about a month later in the season. The two species will hybridize if planted together. ~~Does well with full sun or light shade. Plant in early spring, or late summer to early fall. May not bloom the first 5 years, so look for a 2- or 3-year-old specimen. Prepare waterside locations by adding a foot of rich loam to water level. Can divide the rhizomes, or separate the young plants that form around the base. Grow in a pot in shade, immersing the base in fresh water until established. Can grow fresh seeds in starter peat pots, with the same water treatment.
Cactus afficionados covet these beautiful species for their decorative spines and satiny purple blossoms, but they demand expert care. Low-growing dwarves, they usually form clusters. Their spines may form separate spangles, or overlap to cloak the stems. N. conoidea is less finicky than most, and the grandiflora variety boasts a flower that may cover the plant's domed top. ~~Grow in full sun and low humidity, with an acid, sandy cactus mix up to 50% gravel. Water moderately spring to fall. Keep dry mid-autumn to early spring, except for a misting on warm winter days.
The Greeks believed these creeping plants with bright red or blue flowers had the power to banish sadness. From the Greek anagelao--to laugh or give delight--the name Anagallis reminds us to take pleasure in these little bloomers, though some gardeners consider them weedy intruders. And of course, a red blossom of A. arvensis was the calling card of that swashbuckling fictional hero, the Scarlet Pimpernel. Kept under control, they make nice edgings and bring summer color to a rock garden. Potted plants offer winter blooms on a sunny windowsill. Called the Poor Man's Weatherglass, the flowers fold up in cloudy weather and at dusk. Easy in full sun and any light, well-drained sandy soil. Grow seed in flats and plant out, or sow in the garden. Thin to 6 to 15 in. (15 to 37.5 cm) Give a moister soil to the red-blooming Bog Pimpernel, A. tenella. In cold zones treat perennials as annuals, or over-winter with temperatures above 45-50 deg. F. Cultivars produce showiest blossoms for containers. For winter and spring flowers, plant in August or September. Group a half-dozen in a low, wide pot for fullness. Keep above 55-60 deg. F, with fresh air and shade from hottest sun. When the pot is well filled, feed diluted liquid fertilizer regularly. Can also divide perennials in spring or root from cuttings. Susceptible to aphids indoors.
Their neat flower nosegays rise on slim stems above tight rosettes or mats of leaves. Some send out runners like those of a strawberry, 1 to 6 in. (2.5 to 15 cm) long, with new rosettes that root. Charming but difficult, the demanding alpine types challenge experts. The average lowland gardener can choose from more accommodating species. A. primuloides, the more compact A. primuloides chumbyi, and A. sarmentosa do well in an airy rock garden, dry wall or gravelly spot with perfect drainage. Annuals may self-seed, spreading masses of starry flowers in late spring. Most prefer full sun, but where summer sun is quite hot they appreciate some midday shade or a north-facing location. All need a deep, sandy low-nutrient soil. Some species prefer acid soil, other more chalky, alkaline soil. Choose your plants accordingly, or accommodate with soil additions. Can take hot humid summers with perfect drainage. Keep moderately moist from spring to fall. Seed may take 2 years to germinate. Stratify, then sow in flats, pot up sturdy seedlings and water with care away from the stems. Can also divide or take cuttings. Susceptible to aphids, root mealybugs, red spider mite.
Their name means little Anemone, and these woodland wildflowers have similar, but more delicate leaves. Growing from small clusters of tuberous roots, they reach just under a foot, with charming flowers, often double, on slender stems. Petal-like, white to pink sepals form fragile cups. Sturdier than they look, these are fully frost-hardy perennials. Nestle them among the roots of a tree where they can absorb the nourishing leaf litter. Prefer a light, rich, moist soil but tolerate other types. Easy to grow from fresh seeds in summer, though slow to establish. Can divide well-established plants in autumn. They also transplant well. Vulnerable to slugs, root rot from waterlogged soil.
This singular species forms colonies in the still waters of alkaline marshes, spreading by thick aromatic rootstocks. The curious flowers on woolly stems resemble coneflowers such as Echinacea's. In fact, the white ray petals are bracts, while the tiny true flowers form the conical central spikes. Aromatic basal leaves to 6 in. (15 cm) long have fine hairs all around the edges. Grow in permanently wet mud, alkaline and humus-rich, in shallow water, or in nearly-submerged containers in a pond. Takes temperatures down to 14-23 deg. F, especially if roots are submerged. Divide in spring, or sow fresh seed in pots submerged almost to the rim.
Of four species, one gets all the attention: the Deadly Nightshade, A. belladonna. Most experts consider it too deadly for general gardens and landscaping. But a handful of unconventional dealers offer it as a handsome and intriguing ornamental--clearly stipulating that children and animals must be kept well away from the tempting, glossy, sweet-tasting berries. In fact, the whole plant can poison--or cure, as it provides many essential medicinal compounds. It grows wild on alkaline soils in moist shady settings. Up to 4 ft. (1.25 m) tall, it produces single bell-shaped flowers ranging from purple to greenish. Green berries follow, ripening to shiny black. The big green leaves smell unpleasant when crushed. Locate where you can control all access. Best in partial shade and a loamy soil, moist but well-drained, and preferably alkaline. Sow fresh seed and keep the soil moist. Seeds may take 1 to 2 months to sprout. For better results, before sowing soak them for 6 hrs. in vodka, unleaded gasoline, or white gas. Once established, these hardy plants fend for themselves. Can grow more from cuttings of growing shoots in spring, or root cuttings in winter.
These Iris family members grow from solid corms like the Gladioluses. Sometimes fragrant, the flowers bloom in white, cream, yellow, mauve, purple, pink, red or blue, among fans of pleated, hairy leaf blades. In their native South Africa, baboons feast on the corms. Dutch settlers first called the plants by the Afrikaans name for baboons, bobbejane. The English turned this into babianer, which finally became the botanical Babiana. Native to coastal dunes and dry open areas, they do best in a Mediterranean climate like California's. Most can grow outside where temperatures stay above 23 deg. F; elsewhere, they make fine container plants. Give a warm, sunny spot and loose, fertile, well-drained soil. Plant August to September, in the ground 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) deep, 3 in. (7.5 cm) apart. In pots, plant several, spaced at 1 to 2 times the corm's diameter apart. Night temperatures should range from 40 to 50 deg. F; days no more than 5 to 10 deg. higher. Water sparingly, increasing when roots are well developed. Start feeding every 1 or 2 weeks in late winter. After flowering, cut back water gradually, finally letting go dry. For winter protection, plant in ground 8 to 10 in. (20 to 25 cm) deep, with a dry mulch of organic material. Or lift corms in fall and store through winter, clean and dry, where frost-free and replant in early spring. Grow more from plentiful offsets, or fresh seed. Subject to spider mites, aphids, and viruses that can stunt leaves or make them sickly yellow.
Like many medicinal herbs, these useful plants can't boast of great beauty, but their sturdy candelabras of white-woolly foliage perfectly suit a cottage or herb garden. B. nigra, Black Horehound, produces loose clusters of purple-pink flowers. Its leaves smell unpleasant if bruised, but when dried and infused, offer relief from the nausea of morning sickness. Thrive in a hot dry setting with well-drained soil, preferably alkaline above pH 5. Tolerate poor soils. Protect from severe frosts, as temperatures below 14 deg. F will damage them. Cut back shrubby types in spring before growth starts. Divide tender species, take cuttings from shrubs. Generally free of pests and disease.
Vigorous greens for a vegetable or cottage garden, they raise a forest of tall stems topped with tiny yellow-white flowers followed by long skinny seedpods. Stem-clasping leaves have a peppery-hot to bitter taste. Those of B. verna, Land Cress, make a reasonable substitute for Watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Also edible, B. vulgaris has naturalized widely in North America, along streamsides and around springs. It can spread invasively, so locate carefully and keep controlled. Easy to grow in moist fertile soil with full sun. Sow as soon as the soil can be worked in spring, 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) deep, 6 in. (15 cm) apart. Sprouts in 3 weeks in early cooler months, in 10-12 days when warmer. Harvest seedlings or leaves, and keep sowing for continuous harvest into late summer. Where cool-temperate, can harvest year-round, sheltering through harsh spells. Grow varieties from cuttings or by dividing.
Small annuals or perennials from the Sunflower family, their flowers closely copy Daisies (Bellis) but on a smaller scale, most less than 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) across. Mats of glossy foliage spread by runners, spangled with fresh white blossoms. Perfect for a rock garden, they adapt to sandy sunny situations as well as damp shaded ones. B. minutum, a charming miniature, displays flowers with purple-tipped white ray petals on 3 in. (7.5 cm)stems. Best in very well-drained, gritty, humus-rich soil. Full sun is fine in mild summers with moist soil. Less hardy than true Daisies, in high summer heat they appreciate some midday shade or a northern exposure. Where winter cold lingers without snow cover, protect with evergreen boughs. Ensure spring replacements for any losses by potting runners that have rooted in fall.
The flower stalks of these dainty woodland dwellers rise 8 to 12 in. (20 to 30 cm), bearing yellow-green sepals with threadlike white petals. Fuzzy, round-lobed leaves resemble a Piggyback Plant's. Good for beds and borders in dappled shade. Plant in moist, rich soil with crowns of the woody rootstock just above the soil level. Keep watered in dry weather, and feed to prolong flowering. Mulch in winter. Divide in autumn, or plant seed in spring. New shoots that emerge abnormally large or stop growing signal a problem with leafy gall.
Southern US and Mexico natives of the Sunflower family, these hairy, branching perennials bear daisy-like yellow flowers that attract butterflies and add cheer to fresh or dried arrangements. Their coarse, gangly look suits a native garden or meadow. Bloom freely from spring through summer, sometimes into fall. Rosettes of leaves stay handsome in mild winters. Where cooler, they need winter protection. Potted specimens can summer outdoors. Heights range from 1 to 4 ft. (30 cm to 1.25 m) Several species share the common name Green-eyes, including B. lyrata, B. texana and B. subacaulis. Grow from seed in a spot with good drainage, full or partial sun. Once taproots are established, they need low to moderate water.
Airy clusters of tiny golden flowers sway on stalks up to 2 ft. (60 cm) high above a mound of fuzzy, floppy-ear leaves. They grow wild among limestone rocks of European cliffs and mountains, suit a native garden, rock garden, or mixed flower border. Dry the heads of disc-shaped seedpods for everlasting arrangements. Easily grow from seed sown in spring or autumn. Give full sun and well-drained alkaline soil.
With their stiff, coarse, leathery fronds, these ferns mimic a small palm tree. Widely distributed, they favor shady forest settings, often along streambanks, by swamps, among rocks. The young fiddleheads unfurl in shades of bright red or pink, even brown, a natural protection from ultraviolet rays. Never assume brown fronds are dead! Some, such as B. brasiliense and B. gibbum, develop a short trunk, resembling a miniature tree fern. Grow them among lower-growing plants or ground covers. Low spreading types make good ground covers for damp dark areas. B. penna-marina is a charming dwarf. B. spicant's bright emerald green graces a damp stone wall or wet streamside rocks, even through hard winters. Temperate species tolerate dryish air better than most ferns, and many make good potted plants for patio, terrace, greenhouse. Plant tropical species in a sultry garden--heavy feeders, they grow too fast to keep adequately potted, and need more humidity than the average home provides. Give rich organic soil, adding peat or leaf mold, and mulch annually. Most need bright indirect light, but if too bright the fronds may discolor. Best with nights above 55-60 deg. F, days 5 to 50 deg. F higher. Some grow slower than others and must be left undisturbed. Feed garden plants in spring and keep mulched. Grow from spores, or divide those with creeping rhizomes. Subject to leaf spot fungus, mealybugs, scale.
Notes: These two mints raise little pagodas of pale flowers in woodland glades from Michigan to Mississippi. Their botanical name stems from blepharis, Greek for eyelash, in recognition of the fine hairs that fringe the flower bracts. A nice choice for wildflower and native collections, their seeds sprout willingly, and the plants settle in as permanent residents with little care. Sow seeds in fall, or keep in cold moist stratification before spring sowing. Keep soil moist where they receive full sun; plants in some shade tolerate drier conditions, but won't grow as tall.
The somewhat succulent Grape Ferns grow among sheltering tall grasses or forest trees, and need a similar garden location, protected from wind and heavy rain. Rarely cultivated, they can be hard to establish or propagate, but settled plants need little care. Hardy to 5 deg. F, they keep growing through winter. They fall into two groups: Those in the first group favor bright woods and moist grasslands, do well in a border or naturalize in a meadow. The second group grows in deciduous woods, shaded in summer but sunny when branches are bare from late autumn through early spring. They need a garden setting to match these conditions. Ferns in the wrong location will let you know with stunted growth and a lack of fertile blades. Can grow in tubs with excellent drainage, but need a depth of at least 1 ft. (30 cm) to accommodate the upright rhizomes and root mass, which may reach 8 in. (20 cm) Grow in loose woodland soil, high in organic materials and not too dry. Fertile fronds may need a supporting stake. Snails and slugs can cause damage, especially on sprouts. The fronds resist bacteria, but roots and rhizome are vulnerable -- another reason to leave plants undisturbed. Difficult to raise from spores.
Airy parasols of small star-lilies, ranging from white and yellow to deep blue and purple, sway atop long, slender stems in late spring. One or two narrow leaves grow from the base. Cut stems grace fresh arrangements, from nosegay-sized wild species to tall, elegant cultivars. These include 'Queen Fabiola' and 'Froyle Mill' with deep purple-mauve flowers, and the intense blue bloomers 'Rolf Fiedler' and 'Wisley Blue'. Many former Brodiaea species now belong in this group, whose species generally bloom earlier in spring than the Brodiaeas. Most love sun and heat, but will tolerate some shade. Plant corms 2 to 4 in. (5 to 10 cm) deep in fertile sandy loam with excellent drainage--soggy soil may rot the corms. Give plenty of water during periods of growth, then a warm, dry resting period in summer and autumn. If planted where other plants must be watered, sandy soil helps them cope. Where winters dip below 20 deg. F (-7 deg. C), mulch or grow in pots. Grow more from ripe seed, offsets, or by division.
Though they are not showy when out of bloom, bush clovers blend nicely in a mixed planting or will serve as a soft backdrop for a perennial bed. Erect or trailing shrubs with downy leaves, they offer sprays of small pealike white, pink or purple blossoms in late summer and fall when the rest of the garden is fading. Hardy into New England, in the colder climates their stems die back in winter. New shoots grow from the base in spring, reaching full height and blooming the same year. L. bicolor, native to Asia, may reach 10 ft. (3 m), with 2 ft. (60 cm) sprays of bright magenta flowers. L. bicolor alba blooms in white. Needs a sunny location with well-drained, low-to-moderate fertility soil. In late winter, cut dead branches to the ground. In temperate climates, prune older branches or crowded growth in early spring. Sow seed in pots, divide clumps in early spring, or root semi-woody cuttings in summer.
The hardy, deciduous brake ferns often join the garden on their own, migrating from nearby woods or sprouting from peat-based potting soil. Coarse, dark green fronds grow on reddish-brown, hairy stems. They spread vigorously and the tough rhizomes can be hard to dig out. Let brake ferns grow wild in a woodland setting with plenty of space, or control specimens by planting in a container or sunken metal drum. Watch for any escaping rhizomes and cut them off.~~Norwegians and Russians brew beer from young shoots. The Japanese boil, dry and store young fronds for winter. However, don't try this yourself without expert guidance -- all parts can be poisonous.~~Can endure full sun, but grow more lushly in partial shade. Prefer sandy, peaty, acid soil. Most will handle winter temperatures to -22 deg. F (-30 deg. C). Water generously until well established. Grow from spores, or divide in late winter or early spring before growth begins.
Their pungent fragrance easily identifies members of this group as mints. Their form is also easily recognizable: square-sided stems and formally arranged tiers of downy leaves, topped with modest flower clusters. Easy-care and hardy, they suit a native or cottage garden. The one western native, P. californicum or Sierra mint, blooms with red-spotted white flowers along stream banks. The other varieties are native to the eastern U.S. Give full sun or partial shade, loamy soil, and plenty of water in growing season. Can be cut back to the ground in early winter. Sow seed in spring or autumn, or divide established clumps.
The attractive foliage and pretty sprays of flowers that appear in spring make cynoglossum popular as bedding, border, and wild garden plants. Various species of this genus are available as annuals, biennials, or perennials. The most popular species, cynoglossum amabile, is a biennial often grown as an annual. Grows in all zones but is best in colder climates; flowers into late summer where weather is cool. Does not tolerate hot, humid climates. Flowers are either blue, pink, or white. Needs full sun and regular water. Sow seeds in autumn where plants are to grow. Can become invasive.
The world would be a different place without the endlessly useful soybean. Not only the nutritious source of soy sauce, tofu, bean sprouts, margarine, soy milk and soy flour, it's an important feed crop for livestock and the key ingredient in soaps, paints, and a host of other products. Cultivars of G. max, the edible soybean, have been developed for a range of climates. They yield best in mild temperate climates. Though you can't expect a bumper crop in cooler temperate zones, you can boast your own living example of this worldwide staple. Plant in loamy, well-fertilized soil with a pH of 5.7 to 6.2. Add lime if your soil is too acid. Where cooler, start indoors and plant out in late spring or early summer. In warm climates, sow in the garden 3 to 5 in. (7.5 to 12.5 cm) apart in rows every 1.5 to 2 ft. (45 to 60 cm). Young growth needs steady rainfall, then a dry period for flowering and pod ripening. Water during dry spells. Pods ripen 3 or 4 months after plants sprout. This occurs best in areas where summers are hot and autumn is mild. You can pull out the entire plant when pods turn yellow and hang the pods to ripen in a dry shelter.
These pretty annuals and perennials spread a carpet of whorled leaves. Clusters of tiny white, yellow, pink or blue flowers tip the stems in spring and early summer. Some species have the same vanilla-like scent as their close relative, sweet woodruff (galium odoratum). Different species suit rock gardens or borders, or containers, since some that love moist summers need shelter for a dry winter rest. Give the squinancywort, A. cynanchica, room to form a leafy blanket, in a wild garden or terrace. Its pink or white flowers bloom on 1 ft. (30 cm) stems. They like well-drained, moist soil, with good light or dappled shade. Avoid full sun and hot dry locations. Sow seeds in spring, thin to 3 to 4 in. (7.5 to 10 cm) apart. Annuals will bloom the first summer. Divide perennials in spring or fall, or grow from cuttings in early summer.
Of 150-odd species, the best-known, garden cress (L. sativum) provides peppery salad greens, sprouts and garnishes. Others grow as ornamentals and supply the florist trade with attractive fillers for fresh and dried arrangements. The roots of a high Peruvian Andes species (L. meyenii or L. peruvianum), called maca, provide a staple food for native peoples, and a nutritional supplement touted by natural medicine enthusiasts.For sprouts all year round, sow seeds on moist flannel on a plate or tray, or press a layer of seed into pots or trays of soil. Water and keep under bright light at 65 to 70 deg. F (18 to 21 deg. C). Clip the tender leaves with scissors in 10 to 12 days. For a change of pace, try the British method: sow faster-sprouting mustard seeds among the cress four days later. Outdoors, grow in full sun or light shade and fertile, well-drained soil. Sow seed in the garden at intervals from very early spring through the summer for an ongoing harvest of young leaves.
The wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes available may quickly make the China aster one of your favorite annuals. They yield splendid cut flowers and are a very effective bedding plant. All have oval, toothed, green leaves and flower in late summer to early autumn. These moderately fast growing, erect, bushy plants grow from 1 to 3 ft. (30 to 90 cm) tall. Flower varieties are classified as peony-flowered, pompom, anemone-flowered, and ostrich feather. Flower colors range from white to pink, lavender, blue, violet, purple, crimson, wine, and scarlet. China asters require sun, a sheltered position, and fertile well-drained soil. Tall varieties may need staking. Propagate with seed outside in mid-spring; start indoors in early spring for early blooms. Never plant in same location in successive years as all but a few resistant types are subject to aster wilt or stem rot caused by parasitic soil fungus. Strongly scented. Native to China.
Although hawk's beard is sometimes confused with dandelions, they are merely distant relatives. Hawk's beard has dandelion-like leaves that form a basal rosette and flower in pink and orange as well as the expected yellow. A favorite of gardeners "in the know," crepis is much underused by average gardeners. It is excellent massed in annual borders and wild gardens. Shoots of an Asian crepis are consumed as a vegetable. Makes excellent cut flowers; in bouquets, bearded crepis stands for protection.Sow in late spring for blooms from early summer to late autumn. Deadhead to promote continued flowering, but let a few go to seed to encourage self-sowing. Prefers light, well-drained to poor soil and full sun for best growth.
The early Greeks and Romans used cumin as a food preservative. In the Middle Ages, it was believed to keep both chickens and lovers from wandering. Recently, cumin has regained popularity because of its use in many Mexican dishes. An annual herb, cumin (the only species in the Cuminum family) grows only 6 in. (15 cm) tall and has frilly leaves, with small flowers in either white or rose. The seeds are the valued portion of the plant; they are used as flavoring in cheeses, pickles, sausages, soups, stews, stuffings, rice and bean dishes, and liqueurs. Cumin is the key ingredient in all types of curries and chili powders. Cumin thrives on rich, well-drained sandy loam soil. The plant, which needs mild temperatures during a 3- to 4-month growing season, is intolerant of long periods of dry heat. The seeds become hard, the fruit changes color, and the vegetative material withers as the plant matures. Propagate by seed sown in spring. Black cumin, Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch, has smaller and sweeter seeds than Cuminum cyminum L. Native to Mediterranean.
Grow these oil grasses for their attractive form and pleasant aromas. The genus Cymbopogon comprises about 30 species of tropical, perennial, mostly aromatic grasses, including lemongrass and citronella grass. Several species are grown in the tropics for the essential oils distilled from the leaves and used in perfumes, flavoring, and medicine. These tender perennials will not survive outside except in the mildest winters. If you don't live in zones 8 to 10, uproot in fall and overwinter in pots in a sunny window or greenhouse. Grows best in full sun with regular water. Native to India and Sri Lanka.
One of the trendy greens of California cuisine, their strong spicy bite is becoming as popular stateside as it is in Europe. With plenty of water and a steady diet of fertilizer, plants produce young leaves in 6 to 8 weeks. Vegetable and heirloom seed dealers carry E. vesicaria and E. sativa. They may yield up to 5 cuttings before flowering in summer heat, when white, yellow or violet flower heads top their rangy forms. Blooming sprigs make a pretty, zesty garnish. Sow a second crop in late summer for autumn salads.Plant in the vegetable patch or a window box, placing seeds 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) deep in rows 12 to 18 in. (15 to 45 cm) apart. Water generously and apply nitrogenous fertilizer. Protect with a dome or box when winter temperatures dip in to the 20 deg. F (-7 to -1 deg. C) range.
Purported in the Middle Ages to cure hiccups, these leafy herbs are used more often today to flavor salads, soups and stews. Although these plants do have small, white flowers, they are primarily grown for their leaves, which are piquant and used like parsley. Anthriscus are easy to cultivate in any soil and thrive in the shade. Propagate by seeds.
The unassuming appearance of these stiff annual herbs belies their long, rich history--the oil from safflower, one member of this genus, was used for cooking in Ancient Egypt. Even today, several species are cultivated as economic crops for edible oil and dye. In your own garden you might grow them for the tender, edible shoots; the dyes that can be made from the flowers; or for the flowers themselves. Durable as a cut flower, the dried flowers are sometimes used as seasonings in place of true saffron, which they resemble in color and flavor. Relatives of the thistles, plants in this group sport spiny leaves and tubular flowers in yellow, purple, blue or white. Plants have erect, spiny, leafed stems and can reach heights to 3 ft. (90 cm) (1 m). Adapted to all zones, they need full sun, average-to-poor soil, and infrequent water. Sow seeds in place in spring after frost, as these plants do not transplant well.
Native to the alpine meadows of Asia Minor, these minute spring flowering bulbs are ideal for rock gardens and for naturalizing under shrubs. Also known as Glory-of-the-snow for their very early blooming habit, Chiondoxa encompasses five or six species of early spring blooming perennials that reach only 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) high with 1 in. (2.5 cm) star-shaped, blue, white, or pink flowers. Chiondoxa thrive in any soil, but need plenty of moisture and light. Propagate by seed or by division in late summer or autumn. In September or October, plant bulbs approx. 3 in. (7.5 cm) deep in partial shade and topdress well-drained soil with leaf mold or garden compost. Under favorable conditions plants self-sow freely. Replant about the 3rd year. Grows best in zones 1 to 7. Plant near other early bloomers such as crocus, Grecian windflower, snowdrops, and irises.
With nicknames like "Skunk Cabbage" and "Dead Horse," these beautiful plants are probably a poor choice for under the dining room window. Not all varieties have an overpowering fragrance, though most are unpleasant to some degree. Do not let the odor dissuade you from planting these shade-loving perennials, however, as they are quite striking in shade borders and around water features. Arums have large heart- or arrow-shaped leaves on long, graceful stalks. Their calla-like blooms range from nearly black to white, with many colors in between. Arum make good houseplants, especially in cold climates, but avoid planting where children or pets play since all parts of the plant are poisonous. Hardy from zones 4 to 24. You should always plant more than one, as they cannot self-fertilize. Arums need plenty of water in summer. Divide in late summer when leaves wither or propagate by seed in autumn.
Hailing from southern Africa, these small succulents have leaves like fleshy grass blades, forming clumps or mats much like their iceplant cousins. Leaves may be smooth or rough, dotted or translucent. Older leaf pairs enclose the younger ones and form a papery sheath as they wither and die. From this habit comes their name--the Greek cheiris means sleeve, and opsis, resembling. Single flowers bloom on stalks above the leaves in summer. Most are yellow, a few golden, white, pink, purple or red. They need a completely dry resting period after blooming, so rear in pots of very quick-draining soil if you don't have a mediterranean climate. Like the succulent Lithops, their leaves will split if soil stays wet too long. Give full sun and low humidity. Water occasionally in spring, sparingly from summer to mid-autumn. Feed container plants occasionally with weak low-nitrogen liquid fertilizer from mid-summer until the last flowers, which may last to late autumn. After blooming, stop watering until old leaves have completely dried up. Where cold, give no water from early winter to early spring. To ward off mealybugs, carefully remove completely dead, dry leaf sheaths once new leaves are fully developed. Sow seeds on the surface of a well-draining, sandy medium any time, but ideally in late winter. Keep moist at 68 to 77 deg. F (20 to 25 deg. C) for the first year. Protect from direct sun until sprouted; let sprouts adjust gradually to direct light and low humidity. Cuttings root fast in sandy propagating medium in late summer to mid-autumn, with the same temperatures as seedlings. Let cuttings dry a few days before rooting. Repot in early to mid-spring, when growth starts, or in autumn.
There may be 8 wild species of these attractive palms in savannahs and swamps around the Caribbean. Just one, A. wrightii, is cultivated, and may also be sold as Paurotis wrightii. Spectacular in bloom, their long, slender clusters of creamy flowers arc above pale green fronds with silvery undersides. They form a mass of stems and feathery crowns to a height of 20 to 40 ft. (6 to 12 m). Handsome screen or background planting for frost-free gardens. Where cooler, they grace a large greenhouse tub. Their salt-tolerance makes them a top choice for coastal areas and by brackish water. Give full sun with some protection from midday scorching; rich moist soil; and high humidity. Water generously spring to fall, less in winter. Pots need especially well-drained, porous soil. Feed established tub plants diluted liquid fertilizer from spring to fall. Greenhouse plants do best in winters with minimum temperatures of 55 deg. F (13 deg. C) at nights, 10 to 15 deg. (5 to 7 deg.) higher during the day. Sow fresh seed on sandy, peaty soil and keep at 75 to 80 deg. F (24 to 27 deg. C) until seedlings are well sprouted.
True rushes, these grassy plants of wet places naturalize readily along the bank of a larger, semi-natural pond. Their tough rhizomes spread vigorously, so where space is limited control them by planting in a sunken container. Birds find welcome cover under the arching stems. Cultivars of J. effusis include 'Spiralis' with curiously corkscrewing stems, and 'Vittatus' with alternating bands of green and yellow. If cultivars produce any foliage that reverts to the species, pull them out promptly as they will crowd out the cultivar. Species turn brown with frost. Plant in spring in heavy, acid soil, level with or slightly above the water surface, with full sun or partial shade. Some tolerate shallow water to 3 in. (8 cm); others need a gravelly, well-drained bank. The salt rush, J. leseurii, is good on the coast with brackish water. Divide in spring or grow from seed.
Fine ornamental trees and shrubs for frost-free gardens, they bloom with many domed clusters of small, usually white flowers. They may survive light frost where winters are dry. In cool, temperate zones they need greenhouse protection and grow slowly. Provide sun or dappled shade, deep rich soil, and keep moist all year. Grow from semi-ripe cuttings as seeds don't sprout reliably.
The Chilean guavas reach full tree size in their native land. Elsewhere, these choice Myrtle family shrubs grow from 6 to 9 ft. (2 to 2.75 m) tall. Though not yet well known in the United States, they reward those who seek them out with handsome foliage, flowers and edible fruit. Leggy when young, they mature to a dense, compact form that responds to pruning, making an excellent hedge. Let the branches sweep downward naturally, train them on an espalier, or clip the glossy, bronze-tinted, evergreen foliage into shapes. In late spring and summer, a wealth of fluffy-stamened, rose-tinted white bells nod on 1 in. (2.5 cm) stalks. The 0.5 in. (1.25 cm), reddish-to-purple fruits that appear in late fall smell like baking apples. Sweet enough to eat fresh, they make good preserves. Plant on a terrace or by a path so garden visitors can enjoy a sample. Give full sun at the coast, partial shade inland, and moderately fertile, well-drained, neutral-to-acid soil enriched with organic matter. Water well twice monthly, more often when dry, then taper off in winter to keep just moist. Feed spring and fall with acid-based, iron-rich fertilizer. Prefers temperatures above 40 deg. F (5 deg. C), but with wind shelter can tolerate cold to 14 deg. F (-10 deg. C). Prune in spring to maintain size and shape, remove frost damage. Repot container plants every other year in early spring. Seeds grow extremely slowly, so root semi-ripe cuttings in summer, basal cuttings late autumn, or layer. Virtually pest-free.
Let these pretty trailing plants spill over a rock terrace, edge a border, fill a hanging planter or windowbox. Stems 6 to 12 in. (15 to 30 cm) long bear trumpet-shaped flowers with contrasting throats. Most are annuals; a few, perennials. N. paradoxa Blue Bird has deep sky blue bells with white throats; Cliff Hanger's are cornflower blue with pale yellow. Snowbird blooms in pure white. Give a sunny spot with very well-drained, moderately fertile soil. Potted plants do well in a cool conservatory. Sow in spring, 12 in. (30 cm) apart. Handle a wide range of temperatures and tolerate drought.
Also known as radishes, these root crops are classified into two varieties: spring and winter. Spring types mature quickly, so harvest early before they become inedible. Hot dry conditions encourage stronger flavor and fast maturing. Winter types are slower growing, larger and longer. Enjoy radishes fresh from the garden or use them for cooking and pickling. One type that grows well in either season is the exotic Japanese daikon. Because of their deep taproots, some (wild radish in particular) are used as cover crops under fruit and nut trees. Plants produce white, purple or yellow flowers. Try different varieties to find the degree of spiciness you prefer. Avoid overcrowding plants to allow for full root development. Spring varieties are prone to cabbage root maggot.
Grow creeping zinnias for a brilliantly-colored ground cover from midsummer until frost. These annuals are not really zinnias, but the flowers and leaves resemble them so closely that most people are fooled. In addition to ground cover, these versatile little bloomers work very well in borders, raised beds, rock gardens, and containers (both stationary and grounded). Averages 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15 cm) high and spreads to 1 ft. (30 cm) or more. Daisylike flowers have a dark purplish brown center and may bloom in bright yellow, orange, or white. Having originated in the southwestern U.S., Mexico, and Central America, creeping zinnias naturally favor full sun and very well-drained soils. Sow seed in place as early as March, where winters are mild, and as late as June, where soil is slow to warm up. Resents transplanting.
These pretty wildflowers unfurl one-sided clusters of nodding blue bells, sometimes rosy-purple in bud, above long oval or spade-shaped leaves. Though they share the common name of lungwort with the similar Pulmonaria group, they lack its medicinal properties. Foliage dies off once flowers go to seed, so grow them among ferns or other spreading plants to fill in the gap. Most prefer at least partial shade. Hardy M. maritima likes the full sun and lean soil of a seaside garden. Alpine natives (M. alpina, M. primuloides, M. echioides) need perfect drainage.Give a shaded spot with moist, sandy, peaty soil. Water in growth and bloom. Those grown from seed flower in 3 years. Most handle cold to 5 deg. F(-15 deg. C). Mulch with leaf mold or compost in fall. Grow more from seed in fall or spring. Leave established plants undisturbed, letting the rootstocks spread naturally. If you must transplant, wait until their dormant period--late summer to early fall--and handle the tuberous roots with care.
Take advantage of the profuse blooms of malcolm stock in borders, as edging for gravel paths, or in rock gardens. Blooming just 6 weeks after seeding, malcolm stock is also a wonderful bulb cover. Fragrant blooms are about .75 in. (2 cm) across and may be lilac, pink, purple, yellow, magenta, or white. Plants reach 8 to 15 in. (20 to 37.5 cm) tall. Grayish foliage is long and spoon shaped.Enjoys full sun with midday shade and will thrive in a coastal garden. Also grows in shade. Sow seeds in early spring and late autumn outdoors in place and re-seed at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks to assure continuous spring through autumn blooms. In regions with hot, humid summers, plant seeds earlier to avoid poor flowering. Self-seeded volunteer plants may appear for one or more years after the initial planting. Downy mildew is a common problem. Native to the Mediterranean.
Late risers, the four-o'clocks don't open their simple, bright, flowers until mid-afternoon or sunset. Children can easily grow this old-fashioned favorite in their first garden patch. The shrubby mounds, 2 to 4 ft. (60 cm to 1.25 m) high and wide, make good edgings, borders and low hedges. Flowers blanket the foliage from summer until the first frost, in white or hues ranging from yellow to red, and attract hummingbirds. Blooms of different colors may appear on the same plant. As their jasmine-like fragrance drifts indoors at evening from a porch tub or windowbox, it may drive away mosquitoes. In a warm, dry sheltered spot the tuberous roots can survive down to 23 deg. F (-5 deg. C). In colder zones, grow as annuals or dig up and overwinter as for dahlias.Give full sun or partial shade and ordinary, well-drained soil. Start seed indoors in spring at 60 deg. F (15 deg. C) and harden off before planting out, or sow outdoors after all frost danger is past. Locate warm-zone perennials carefully--over time the tubers grow long, deep and heavy; hard to dig out. Water just until established. Plants grown from seed flower in one year. Divide in spring. May self-seed in good conditions--sprouts transplant easily. Watch for aphids on young growth.
Native to poor soils and rocky slopes, the four species in this group are grown for their green color. From summer to autumn, pale green bell-shaped calyxes surround small flowers. Pale green leaves also surround the stem. Use in mixed annual borders or dry the spikes for use in flower arrangements. Plant in full sun. Pest and disease resistant.
Mostly North American natives, these 50 small annuals or perennials like moist places on mountains and in meadows. Water Montia are downright happy in bogs and ponds. The most commonly known Montia is "miner's lettuce," which is grown as a salad or potherb. All have small, whitish or pinkish flowers. Sow seeds in spring or summer where plants are to grow.
Grown in cool-to-temperate parts of the United States, these root crops include the everyday parsnip. Plant in deep, loamy soil, so that long roots can develop straight and unbranched. Needs a full season's growth, so sow seeds in early spring. Dig them up in Autumn for winter cellar storage, or leave in the ground until spring.
Spikes of small violet, pink, blue or white flowers cover these creeping or prostrate groundcovers. The flowers attract butterflies. Some varieties are mat-like and can be used as lawns; others make great bank and slope covers. Some are drought-tolerant, while others like to trail their long stems into ponds or streams. Native to warm or tropical regions, their leaves are lobed or toothed. Can be invasive.
These 25 species of herbs to subshrubs are frequently listed under "Sanguisorba." Narrow, leafy stems bear spikes of small fluffy flowers that resemble a bottle brush. Available in red, pink, white, or greenish white. Most commonly grown is P. sanguisorba, an herb prized in salads, vinegars and other foods. Both flowers and foliage are great for dried arrangements and wreaths.
Some of these compact, low-growing annuals are grown as groundcovers; the rest are weeds. Plants form dense mats or cushions of leaves covered in tiny 4- or 5-petaled white flowers. Use in rock and wall gardens, or in paving crevices. Grow in full sun in temperate regions. Dislikes hot, dry climates. Tolerates poor soils. Start by seed or division.
Strawflowers are a favorite in both country and cottage gardens. All varieties have daisylike flower heads with papery petals that retain their color and shape when dried. Most are annuals, but a few are perennial; annuals make the best dried flowers. Sow seeds in place in mid-spring. Does not tolerate dryness. Prone to infestation by aphids. Native to Australia.
Protected by raggedly toothed, often sticky-bristled leaves, these wildflowers brighten basin and rangeland with their yellow or white 'blazing stars'. Some bloom at night with a bonus of sweet fragrance. M. lindleyi's golden petals and M. involucrata's white ones both have a reddish flush at the base. The giant blazing star (M. laevicaulis) can reach 5 ft. (1.5 m). They handle heat, wind, drought and poor rocky soil. Fine as a perennial in a wild or native garden where conditions match their native habitat; grow as annuals elsewhere. Refrigerate seeds a week before planting. Start indoors and plant out, or sow in spring in a warm sunny spot with very well-drained soil. Thin seedlings to 8 to 9 in. (20 to 22 cm) apart to avoid overcrowding. Water well until blooming starts, then reduce or stop watering. Taproots make them hard to transplant, but they reseed readily.
Native to tropical America, many species in this group offer edible tuberous roots, including jicama or the yam bean. This group was a staple in the diets of the ancient Mayan, Aztec and Inca cultures. Eat raw or cook in a soup. Seeds are poisonous. Use the flowering vining types on arbors or fences. Prune flowers to increase root size. Can be grown in temperate northern climates.
Valued highly by the ancient Romans for its medicinal and culinary uses since 1500 B.C., Anise was used to pay taxes. Today, the 150 species of these annual and biennial Mediterranean herbs are still prized. It's dried seeds, leaves and flowers are used in alcoholic drinks, foods, soaps, perfumes, cough medicines and digestive aids. Some of these sprawling plants resemble Queen Anne's Lace, with deeply notched aromatic leaves and heads of yellowish-white flowers. Easy to grow, they thrive in hot sun and need 70 deg. F (22 deg. C) temperatures to germinate. They have a long taproot, which makes them difficult to transplant. Sow seeds where you want plants to grow. Shelter tall plants from wind.
Majestic in borders and dramatic in arrangements, these perennials really make a statement. Tiny cup-shaped flowers radiate from spirelike stems like a flame from the top of a candle, hence the nickname Desert-Candle. Other common names include foxtail lily and kings-spear. Strap-shaped leaves appear at the base of the plant in early spring but fade away after summer bloom. When leaves die down, mark the spot and don't disturb the roots unless necessary because they rot easily if bruised or broken. Flowering stems reach heights of 4 to 9 ft. (1.25 to 2.75 m), and varieties are available that flower in white, pink, yellow, orange, or brown. The spiky flower clusters combine well with airy plants like baby's breath or with bold flowers like peonies and poppies. Eremurus do well in moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. They require a warm, sunny position and tend to come into growth very early. Mulch well in fall to protect young shoots from frost in spring. Divide clumps very gently in fall or sow seeds in early autumn. Stake tall species and hybrids. Tolerates some dryness; suffers root rot in wet soil. Native to Asia.
Relatives of phlox, the 20 or 30 species of gilia are perfect for wild gardens and informal borders. Flowering in summer and autumn, these annuals grow best with plenty of sun and in very well drained soil. Require a minimum amount of water. Flowers in blue, pink, red, yellow, or white, usually in clusters but occasionally on single stems. In spring, sow seeds in place; sow in autumn for early flowers the next year. Stems need support on windy sites. Native to Western North America.
Plant these tall South African natives behind low, bushy plants to display them to their best advantage. Summer hyacinths are summer- and autumn-flowering perennial bulbs, grown for their elegant 2 to 4 ft. (60 cm to 1.25 m) spikes of drooping, funnel-shaped, white or green flowers. Summer hyacinths do best in rich, moist soil with plenty of sunlight and shelter from strong winds. Propagate by seed in spring or by offsets in autumn. In climates colder than zone 8, lift bulbs after foliage dies and store in a cool, dry place until the ground thaws in spring. Bait for slugs and snails.
Hailing from South America, these charming small cacti reward both beginners and devoted collectors. Most species dependably produce bright floral topknots after 3 to 5 years in vivid reds, vermilion and golden yellow. Flowers open with the sun and last for several days. Handsome even out of bloom, their decorative spines take many forms, from bristling chaos to orderly rows. Varicolored spines grow in yellow and brown, russet and white, black and pink, many with thick, white wool at the base. The Parodia group has absorbed species from several other groups with a range of natural habitats. The Parodia and Brasilicactus types need somewhat cool, but frost-free conditions with a minimum temperature of 35 to 45 deg. F (2 to 7 deg. C). Give full sun, low humidity, and a standard cactus soil, at least half grit with a pH of 5 to 7.5. Keep dry from mid-autumn to early spring, with a light misting (never a soaking spray) as late winter days grow warm. The other types--former Eriocactus, Brasiliparodia, Notocactus and Wigginsia species--need higher temperatures (45 deg. F or 7 deg. C minimum) with shade in hot weather, an acid mineral soil with more than 80% grit, and occasional watering in winter. In general, Parodias with coarse, stiff spines need plenty of overhead light while species with finer hairlike spines get enough on a windowsill. Can grow outdoors in a warm semi-desert climate. Like all cacti, Parodias can die from too much water, however these will also suffer from too long a dry spell.
Yet another group claiming the common name of Ice Plant, these feature a dewy texture on new stems and leaves that age to a rough surface. Dazzling flowers in red, purple, pink, yellow or white open around noon in summer. Wonderful for rock gardens, borders, edgings, and ground covers, or filling a terra cotta tub, they harmonize with other succulents. D. hispidum's 1.5-in.-wide flowers bloom in a deep glossy purple-red. D. floribundum's pale pink flowers are small at 3/4 in., but bloom profusely. Red stripes add zip to D. striatum's pink blossoms.Need a warm, dry, frost-free setting. With full sun and good drainage they thrive in many soil types, but prefer one low in nutrients. Plant after the last frost, 1 to 1.5 ft. (30 to 45 cm) apart. Let soil nearly dry between waterings, and water very little in winter. Easy to grow from seed, by cuttings or division.
Their short branches and trailing, dwarf habit make these succulent annuals well-suited for use in rock gardens and as ground cover in poor, dry soil. Perhaps better known as ice plants or livingstone daisies, these plants have fleshy, bright green leaves and daisylike, 2-in. (5 cm) flowers in white, pink, orange, and red. These plants thrive in sandy soil and need little water. Propagate by seeds; sow under glass in early spring, or directly in the flower bed when weather warms up. Comes into bloom quickly. Deadhead to prolong flowering. Protect from slugs and snails. Native to South Africa.
These summer-flowering, fleshy-rooted perennials are often confused with Campanula (bellflowers). The approximately 40 species of Adenophora are fully hardy and flourish in full sun and rich, well drained but not overly dry soil. May become invasive but responds poorly to relocation. Propagate by basal cuttings in early spring or by seed in autumn. Native to Eurasia and Japan.
These plants make an excellent ground cover, although it is important to contain them with a sturdy underground barrier to curb their invasive habit. Because they spread quickly by underground rootstocks, it is best to plant only near other aggressive growers like day lilies, ivy, and pachysandra. Ammi grow best in partial to full shade with well-drained soil. Small 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm) clusters of pretty white flowers form in summer, but are not the focal point of these plants. Propagate by dividing rhizomes in spring or autumn. Native to the Mediterranean region, Chile, and Brazil.
These giant cacti appear as huge candelabralike forms throughout their native Southwest. C. gigantea, the only species, are some of the largest, slowest growing cacti known. Light brown spikes cover their columnar, ribbed branches. Large, white, fragrant flowers open at night on mature plants followed by edible, oval fruits. Supremely adapted to hot, dry, hostile conditions. Plant only nursery grown specimens and provide excellent drainage. Do not water once established or the plant may succumb to root rot. Use in dry and native plant gardens in the Southwest.
Although these tree-like herbaceous plants of Asia will only fruit in subtropical to tropical climates, banana trees can be grown in mild climates for their ornamental qualities. There is also a species grown for fiber. Banana plants are a favorite for creating a tropical effect in the landscape and indoors. The large decorative leaves tear easily, so its best to protect them from wind. Most will survive a few degrees of frost, but if you want fruit production, grow in a greenhouse with night temperatures no lower than 65 deg. F (19 deg. C). Bananas prefer rich loamy soil, are heavy feeders and need plenty of water. They grow fast and produce offshoots. Also propagate by cutting the rhizome. Most ornamental bananas can be grown from seed.
This single species genus is a member of the morning glory family. Mina lobata is native to Mexico, Central and South America. It's an herbaceous twiner reaching 15 ft. (5 m). The flowers are crimson red, fading to white with age. Grow in containers with support or against a trellis. Regular watering and feeding will produce a larger plant; however, this really is a drought tolerant plant. Will self-sow, but it's a good idea to save seed if you want to ensure its return.
These tropical American aquatic plants are easy to identify by their milky sap. The flowers are large and yellow, with leathery sepals. Leaves float on the water. Easily grown in tubs, ponds, and aquariums. Fill container 2/3 full with soil, leaving the remaining 1/3 for water. Increase plants by rooting stems.
Members of the mallow family, the 3 species in this genus have showy, solitary flowers blooming from the ends of the branches. Great for borders and containers. Give plenty of sunshine and good drainage. Do not overwater. These are drought tolerant plants that will grow in almost any soil. Easily grown from seed.
This colorful tender perennial is often grown as a houseplant, but can also be grown as a summer annual for bedding, flower borders and containers. In mild frost free climates, plants can reach 3 ft. (90 cm) and form woody stems. When grown as an annual regular pinching will result in bushier plants.
